CHAPTER 22 - Enlightenment and Revolution (1550-1789) - World History: Patterns of Interaction (Atlas by Rand McNally 2009)

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

________ believed that laws existed to preserve a social order, not to avenge crimes.

Isaac Newton

Who was certain that all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces? Answer with a single words or term.

Louis XVI

________ had little sympathy for American Revolution ideals, but wanted to weaken his rival Britain.

Second Continental Congress

________ voted to raise an army /organize for battle under the command of George Washington → American Revolution begins.

Robert Boyle

________ pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry (considered the founder of modern chemistry)

Galileo Galilei

________ built his own telescope in 1609, in 1610 he published Starry Messenger, which described his observations.

Diderot

________ created a large set of books (Encyclopedia), began publishing the 1st volumes in 1751.

Catherine

________ expanded her empire westward to Poland.

Federalists

________ promised to give antifederalists a bill of rights to gain support → cleared way for approval.

Christianity

________ taught that God deliberately placed the earth at the center of the Universe.

Colonial leaders

________ used Enlightenment ideas to justify independence.

Ptolemy

________ expanded the theory in the 2nd century AD.

best government

The ________ was an absolute monarchy that could impose order /demand obedience.

Angry war veterans

________ complained that Congress still owed them back for their services.

Members of Parliament

________ held legislative power /made laws.

Mary Wollstonecraft

________ published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

Zacharias Janssen

________: invented the first microscope.

Galileo Newton

Enlightenment thinkers produced 3 long term effects that shaped Western civilization: Belief in progress: ________ helped grow scientific knowledge in the 1700s.

European doctors

________ accepted ancient Greek physician Galens teachings as fact.

Rousseau

________ developed many progressive ideas about education, but believed that girls education should teach her how to be a helpful wife /mother.

Inoculation

________ using live smallpox germs were practiced in Asia for centuries.

Voltaire other critics

________ wanted to rid religious faith of superstition /fear and promote tolerance of all religions.

Philosophes

________ tried to convince monarchs to rule justly.

Scientists

________ made new discoveries in chemistry, biology, physics, and mechanics.

Andreas Vesalius

________ proved Galens assumptions wrong.