kinesiology study guide

kinesiology

the study of human movement. also known as biomechanics

axial skeleton

head, neck, trunk

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremities

anatomical position

standing erect, head directed anteriorly, arms at the sides with the palms facing anteriorly, feet together with the toes pointed anteriorly

anterior

refers to the front of the body

posterior

refers to back of the body

medial

refers to being close to the midline

lateral

refers to being away from the midline

proximal

reference to being closer to the midline

distal

reference to being further away from midline

superior

refers to the point, or structure being higher than another

inferior

refers to the point, or structure being lower than another

sagittal plane

a plane that divides the body into right and left halves

frontal plane

a plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior halves

transverse plane

a plane dividing the body into superior and inferior halves

function of the bones

leverage, support, protection, storage, blood cell information,

resorption

response to decreased stress

deposition

response to increased stress

osteoporosis

resorption exceeds deposition, related to hormonal factors, age, nutritional imbalances, lack of exercise

cartilage

firm, flexible tissue, no blood supply or nerves, nourished by fluid within joint

function of cartilage

increases joint stability, creates smooth movement, distributes load in joint

ligaments

connect bone to bone

return to play criteria

decrease inflammation, increase ROM, increase muscle endurance and proprioception

factors of healing

degree of injury, location of injury, blood supply to injury, age of athlete, other illness, athletes medications, and infection

functions of muscle

produce, maintain postures and positions, stabilize joints, support and protect visceral organs, alter and control cavity pressure, maintain body temperature

sliding filament theory

seeks to explain production of tension in muscle, myosin and actin ( create cross bridges, slide past one another, casue the sarcomere to contract

agonist

the muscle most directly involved in creating movment

antagonist

the muscle that can slow down or stop movement

stabilizer

a muscle or group of muscles that contracts with no signifiant movement to maintain a posture or fixate a joint

concentric

muscle visibly shortens while producing tension

eccentric

muscle visibly lengthens while producing tension

isometric

tension produced without visible change in joint angle

plyometrics

conditioning protocol that uses prestretching or countermovement

muscle hypertrophy

increase in muscle cell size

muscle atrophy

decrease in muscle cell size

motor unit

group of muscles innervated by the same motor neuron

action potential

signal to contract from motor neuron

neuromuscular junction

also called end plate and where action potential from neuron meets muscle fiber

all or none principle

once a motor unit is stimulated all the fibers will contract

homogenous

all fibers within a motor unit are one type of fiber

unhappy triad

acl, mcl, meniscus

why are females more likely to tear their acl?

q angle, wider hips, strength and conditioning, acl size

mechanism of injury for each of the knee ligaments

mcl- valgus force ( when knee bends towards midline)

mechanism of injury for each of the knee ligaments

lcl- varus force ( pushing knee away from midline)

mechanism of injury for each of the knee ligaments

pcl- direct blow to the front of the knee ( usually a bent knee)

mechanism of injury for each of the knee ligaments

acl- rotational and valgus force

importance of strong gluteus medius

function is abduction, helped make sure leg doesn;t bend inwards in valgus direction.

functions of the spine

protects spinal cord and internal organs, base of attachment, structural support, flexibility and mobility, connects upper and lower body

cervical region ( neck)

very mobile, rotates head, forward/backward movement

Thoracic region (chest)

very restricted movement, connected to ribs, orientation of facets, long spinous process

lumbar region (lower back)

highly loaded, large vertebrae to distribute weight, large range of motion (flexion, extension)

thoracic kyphosis

outward curvature of the upper back

cervical lordosis

inward curve of neck

lumbar lordosis

inward curve of the lower back

scoliosis

lateral bend of vertebral column

effects of aging on the spine

spine shrinks, can affect the discs in the spine

second impact syndrome

receiving a concussion when still displaying symptoms of a previous one . After those 23-25 and under brain not fully developed

scapulohumeral rhythm

movement relationship between humorous and scapula during arm raising movements