Anatomy Exam

The four cell functions

cell metabolism, substance transport, communication, reproduction

oxidation - reduction reactions

convert chemical bonds into atp

anabolic reactions

build macromolecules

catabolic reations

breakdown macromolcules

6 components of the cell

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, nucleus

channel proteins

allow things to pass and exit

carrier proteins

bind and transport substances in or out

enzymes

catalyze chemical reactions

receptor proteins

ligands must bind to trigger an opening to allow enter or exit

vesicles

membrane - bound sacs that transport, store or digest

phagocytosis

ingesting large bacteria

pinocytosis

bring in a substance vis protein-coated pits; nutrient transport

recpetor-mediated endocytosis

bring in a substance using receptors

exocytosis

release a substance from the cell via exocytic transport vesicles

simple diffusion

movement of solute with a gradient

facilitated diffusion

movement of solute with gradient with carrier or channel proteins

osmosis

movement of solvent from high to low

hypotonic

more water than solute

isotonic

same water same solute

hypertonic

less water more solute

primary active transport

Na+/K+ pump 3 Na out and 2 K in

Secondary active transport

uses the movement of a substance with its gradient to move another substance against its gradient

symporter

two substances the same way

antiporter

two substances opposite ways

uniporter

one substance

mitochondria

make atp; has own nucleus

peroxisomes

oxidizes toxins; break down fatty acids

ribosomes

make proteins

rough ER

package and ship proteins, amke cholesterol and phospolipids

smooth er

break down toxins, stores calcium

golgi

modify, sort and package glycoproteins

lysosomes

gets rid of waste

nucleus

holds DNA

hormones

tell cells what to do; create effects by changing protein synthesis in the cell

two types of hormones

steroid hormones and amino - acid hormones

what are steroid hormones derived from

cholesterol

what are steroid hormones produced by

testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex

amino-acid hormones

made up of short amino - acid chains or can be complete proteins

are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophobic

are amino-acid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrohpilic

what are amino acid hormones produced by

hypothalamus, adrenal medullae, thyroid (hydrophobic), pancreas, anterior pituitary gland, parathyroid gland

g-protein coupled receptors

hormone binds to receptor → g protein activates → the alpha unit of the g-protein activates the adenylate cyclase which forms cAMP → cAMP activates protein kinase A and then phosphorylates into specific proteins

protein channels

hormone activates channel → channel opens or closes → ions move across membrane → cell responds

hormone can be regulated through…?

positive and negative feedback loops

hormonal stimuli

one hormone stimulates another gland

humoral stimuli

changes in blood level

neural stimuli

Nerve signals stimulate hormone release

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Endocrine

cell → hormone → transported through blood → to distant cells

paracrine

tissue cell → paracrine chemical → transported through Extracellular fluid → near cell

autocrine

cell → autocrine chemical → transported through extracellular fluid → same cell

what do alpha cells from islet cells in the pancreas release

glucagon

what do beta cells from islet cells in the pancreas release

insulin

What do delta cells from islet cells in the panceras release

somatostatin

satiety

feeling of fullness

what does glucagon target

liver, muscle, adipose tissue

what does insulin target

liver, muscle, adipose tissue, heart, brain

type one diabetes symptoms

glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, ketoacidosis

type two diabetes symptoms

glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia

glucosuria

glucose in urine

polyuria

frequent urination

polydipsia

excessive thirst

ketoacidosis

too many ketones

glycolysis

glucose into pyruvic acid and 2ATP

glycogenesis

glucose → glycogen

glycogenolysis

glycogen → glucose

glycogen

storage form of glucose

gluconeogenesis

glucose made from non carb sources (proteins or lipids)

proteolysis

amino acids → glucose

proteogenesis

amino acids → proteins

lipolysis

lipids → glucose

lipogenesis

glucose → lipids

hyperglycemia

high glucose levels

hypoglycemia

low glucose levels