Imaging Procedure- ML Sem #3 Final

1,2, and 3

which of the following forms the bony thorax?

1. Sternum

2. 12 pairs of ribs

3. 12 thoracic vertebra

intercostal space

the space between each of the ribs is called

clavicular notch

which part of the sternum supports the sternal ends of the clavicle

jugular notch

the easily palpable concave center superior border of the manubrium is termed

PA oblique RAO and lateral

which of the following are the ideal projections and positions to demonstrate the sternum

15-20 degrees

how much is the body rotated for a PA oblique sternum

72 inches

what is the SID for a lateral sternum

locked behind the back

where should a patients hands be positioned for an upright lateral sternum

AP projection LPO

which of the following projection/position would be used to demonstrate the sternum on a trauma patient who must remain relatively supine

deep inspiration

what is the respiration phase for a lateral sternum

6

the approximate length of the sternum is ___ inches

turn head to the affected side

how is the patient’s head positioned for a PA projection unilateral SC joint

15 degrees towards midsagittal

the CR enters ______ for the PA oblique (tube angulation method) of the SC joint

1 ½ inches

how far above the shoulders is the IR placed for upper ribs

full inspiration

what is the respiration phase for upper ribs

shallow breathing

what is the ideal breathing technique for an oblique projection sternum

at the iliac crests

where is the bottom of the IR positioned for lower ribs

side closest to the IR

what ribs are demonstrated on an AP oblique projection

1-7

which ribs are called the true ribs

full expiration

what is the respiration phase for lower ribs

30 inches

what is the ideal SID for a PA oblique of the sternum

1 ½ inches above jugular notch

with reference to the patient, where exactly should the top of the IR or collimated field be placed for a lateral sternum

the joint closest to the IR

when performing the PA oblique (body rotation) of the SC joint, which of the joints is demonstrated?

T3

where is the center of the IR for a PA projection of the SC joints

8-12

Which ribs are called the false ribs

45 degrees

what is the patient rotation for an oblique projection of the ribs

7

how many ribs attach directly to the sternum

decreases

as the depth of the thorax for an oblique sternum increases the depth of the x-ray tube angulation

true

true or false, anterior ends of the ribs are inferior to the posterior ends

1 and 3

which of the following is the recommended position for optimal demonstration of the upper posterior ribs

1. upright

2. supine

3. AP

10-15 degrees

how much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body rotation technique)

AP and AP oblique with patient RPO

which 2 projections best demonstrate injured posterior lower ribs on the right side

true

true or false, ap oblique projections demonstrated posterior ribs better than anterior ribs

osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone due to a pyogenic infection

Peripheral nervous system

The automatic nervous system is a subdivision of the _______

afferent neurons

Sensory neurons are also called

oligodendrocytes

this type of glial cells produces myelin for cells in the brain

microglia

this type of glia cell turns into a microbe-eating cell in inflamed brain tissuep

perineurim

the membrane covering a fascicle is called the

occurs only in the axons while jumping from node to node

saltatory conduction

it helps regulate water balance and sleep cycles

all of the following statements are true regarding the cerebellum except…

1. it is the second largest part of the brain

2. it lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

3. it is responsible for muscle coordination

4. it helps regulate water balance and sleep cycle

hydrocephalus

this condition can occur when CSF builds up due to a narrowing or blockage of the ventricle of foramen leaving the ventricle, ventricular enlargement occurs as a result.

bell’s palsy

this condition is caused by compression, degeneration, or infection of the 7th cranial nerve. It results in paralysis of some or all of facial features. It is often associated with the varicella-zoster virus.

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

list the meninges in order from innermost to outermost

all of the above release acetylocholine

which of the following release acetylcholine

1. parasympathetic preganglionic

2. sympathetic preganglionic

3. parasympathetic postganglionic neuron is a cholinergic fiber

4. cholinergic fibers

5. all of the above release acetylcholine

sympathetic postganglionic neuron is an adrenergic fiber

which of the following is true regarding adrenergic fibers

1. parasympathetic postganglionic neuron is an adrenergic fiber

2. they secrete acetylcholine

3. sympathetic postganglionic neuron is an adrenergic fiber

4. both b and c are true

occipital

this lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for visual perception

medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons

the three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are

31

how many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord

choroid plexus

formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the

dopamine

parkinson’s disease can be considered a neurotransmitter deficiency disease because of the ack of this substance

astrocytes

which of the following glia make the blood brain barrier

neurofibromatosis

this is a genetic disorder of the nervous system. It is characterized by numerous benign tumors of the schwann cells resulting in numerous tiny nodules visible on the skin

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges due to viral, bacterial, or fungal infections and tumors:

thoracolumbar system

another name for the sympathetic nervous system is

both a and b are correct

how is the activity of the neurotransmitter terminated after the impulse has been conducted

1. the neurotransmitter can diffuse back to the synaptic knob

2. the neurotransmitter is metabolized into an inactive compound by enzymes

3. it is neutralized by sodium

4. both a and b

myelin

the substance that gives the axon of a neuron a whitish appearance is called

true

true or false, the endoneurium is deep to the perineurium which is deep to the epineurium

true

true or false; only myelinated axons have saltatory conduction

true

t/f multiple sclerosis is characterized by myelin loss and destruction and accompanied by varying degrees of oligodendrocytes injury or death

true

true or false; interneurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

true

true or false; paraplegia is paralysis of both legs

false

true or false; neurotransmitters are released by the postsynaptic neuron

false

t/f the knee jerk reflex is an example of a three-neuron reflex arc

false

t/f the two sub-divisions of the central nervous system are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

special sense

the sense of smell can be considered a

both a and c

if the eyeball is elongated, it causes which of the following conditions

1. myopia

2. hyperopia

3. nearsightedness

4. both a and c

glaucoma

which of the following is not a refraction disorder

1. glaucoma

2. myopia

3. hyperopia

4. astigmatism

macular degeneration

the leading cause of permanent blindness in the elderly is

organ of corti

which of the following structures in the inner ear is the organ of hearing

1. bony labyrinth

2. auricle

3. vestibule

4. organ of corti

otitis media

which of the following is not a hearing loss caused by nerve impairment or damage

1. meniere diesase

2. presbycusis

3. otitis media

4. all of the above are caused by nerve impairment or damage

presbycusis

which of the following is a progressive hearing loss usually associated with aging

1. tinnitus

2. presbycusis

3. otitis

4. otosclerosis

diabetic retinopathy

which condition is blindness associated with diabetes

vestible

which structure is important to your sense of balance and equilibrium

sclera, choroid, retina

the three layers of tissue that form the eyeball are

aqueous humor

the watery fluid in front of the lens is called

glaucoma

increased accumulation of fluid in the eye leading to increased pressure resulting in damage to the eye is called

cones

the receptor cells in the eye that respond to bright light and colors are

cateract

a condition in which the lens loses its transparency and becomes milky in appearance is called

the tympanic membrane

which structure is a partition between the external and middle ear

cones

which of the following receives information about daytime/color vision

malleus

which ossicle is known as the hammer

tinnitus

ringing in the ears is known as

gustatory cells

nerve impulses are generated by special cells in taste buds known as

true

t or f; strabismus is loss of coordination of body eyes

true

true or false, much of the sense of taste is the sense of smell

true

t or f; the location where the optic nerves cross is termed optic chiasm

false

t or f; the choroid is the innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors

8

how many cranial bones are in the skull

orbitomeatal

which positioning line extends from the EAM to the outer canthus

glabella

which positioning landmark is the smooth elevation that is located between the superciliary arches

nasion

which positioning landmark is located at the most superior point of the nasal bones

lambdoidal

which suture is located between the parietal bones and the occipital bone

coronal

which suture is located between frontal and parietal bones

bregma

the suture junction that is located at the top of the frontal bone where coronal and sagittal sutures meet is

fontanels

what are the areas of incomplete calcification in the suture joints of a newborn

which bone articulates with the first cervical vertebra

occipital

sphenoid

on what bone is the foramen ovale located

sphenoid

what cranial bone is the sella turcica located in

mesocephalic

which skull classification refers to a typical skull