Studied by 32 peopleClosed Circulatory System
Requires vessels to contain fluids that circulate around the organism
Open Circulatory System
Does not require vessels to contain fluids that circulate around the organism
Blood
Type of connective tissue composed of fluid matrix called plasma and formed elements
Aorta
Largest artery that begins transportation of blood to the body
Arteries
Transport oxygenated blood to organs and tissues
Capillary Beds
In tissues to receive blood
Veins
Transport deoxygenated blood to heart with the help of Venous pumps
Vena Cava
(inferior and superior) large veinule into the heart
Valves
Prevent backflow of blood when muscles are relaxed. Open and blood flows when muscles contract
Atroventricular Valves
maintain unidirectional blood flow between atria and ventricles. Tricuspid on right and Bicuspid/mitral on left
Semilunar Valves
Ensure one-way flow out of ventricles to arterial systems. Pulmonary on right and Aortic on left
Electrocardiogram
Records electrical activity in the heart. Contraction of atria, contraction of ventricles, and ventricles relaxing
Sinoatrial Node
On the right atrium wall that paces the heart's rhythm using autonomic nerves
Purkinje Fibers
Job is to stimulate the ventricles
Mechanical Digestion
Mastication, peristalsis, maceration, and segmentation
Chemical Digestion
Enzymatic activity: salivary amylase
Steps of Human Digestion
Swallowing
The Stomach
The Small Intestine
Fat Digestion and Absorption
Large Intestine/Colon
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage at roof of tongue, depressed while swallowing to cover opening of trachea (windpipe)
Saliva
Helps prevent mouth from drying out, first line of defense against disease-causing microorganisms entering mouth, and helps form bolus
Bolus
Ball of food
Stomach
Has three muscle types: longitudal, oblique, and circular, churns pre-digested food, and absorbs ~10% of caffeine, aspirin, water if dehydrated
Phyloric sphincter
stomach to small intestine/duodenum
Duodenum
Emulsification/breakdown of fat globules into tiny droplets, which provides a larger surface area on which the enzyme pancreatic lipase can act to digest the fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Jejunum & Ileum
~90% of absorption
Microvilli
In the Small Intestine space (lumen) that lines the wall in brush0like structure, VIP for digestion, catches the nutrients to absorb
Lacteal
Where the broken down fats are stored, pathway fat takes to go into cells
Cecum
"dead end pouch" in humans/bacteria
Appendix
Vestigial organ, or haven for bacteria when diarrhea flushes bacteria from the intestinesR
Rectum
~4.7" long->anal canal
Defecation
Removal of remaining waste material
Carbohydrate Breakdown
Starts in the mouth with salivary amylase
Protein Breakdown
Starts in stomach with pepsin
Lipids
Broken down fat globules into fatty acids
Xylem
Water and nutrients from roots to different parts of the plantP
Phloem
Organic compounds from photosynthesis sites to other parts of the plant
Sucrose
Gets transported from source cells into companion cellsTr
Translocation
Movement of materials from leaves to other parts of the plant
Cuticle
Waxy cover that prevents the plant from losing water
Transpiration
Causes water to return to leaves via xylem caused by evaporation of water at leaf-atmosphere interface
Stomata
Openings in the cuticle that take in and release water
Cohesion-Tension Theory
Evaporation from mesophyll cells produce a negative water potential gradient that causes water to move upwards from the roots through the xylem
Guttation
Exudation of drops of xylem sap on tips/edges of leaves of some vascular plants (grasses, some fungi)
Suspension/Filter feeders
Capture and ingestion of food particles that are suspended in water
Substrate feeders
Live in food source and eat as they burrow
Deposit feeders
Eat their way through dirt, picking up decayed organic material
Fluid feeders
Suck nutrient-rich fluids
Bulk feeders
Eat large pieces of food using adaptations such as claws, teeth, pinchers, and fangs, etc.
Note
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