fitness test 1 wednesday

FLEXION

Movement that decreases the angle between two bones at a joint. Example: bending the elbow or knee.

EXTENSION

Movement that increases the angle between two bones at a joint. Example: straightening the elbow or knee.

HYPEREXTENSION

Extension of a joint beyond its normal anatomical position.

ABDUCTION

Movement of a body part away from the body's midline. Example: raising the arm out to the side.

ADDUCTION

Movement of a body part toward the body's midline. Example: bringing the arm back toward the body.

CIRCUMDUCTION

Circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. The distal end of the body part moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stationary.

INTERNAL ROTATION

Rotation of a body part toward the body's midline.

EXTERNAL ROTATION

Rotation of a body part away from the body's midline.

SUPERIOR

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

INFERIOR

Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body.

MEDIAL

Toward the body's midline.

LATERAL

Away from the body's midline.

ANTERIOR

Toward the front of the body.

POSTERIOR

Toward the back of the body.

PROXIMAL

Closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body.

DISTAL

Farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk.

SUPERFICIAL

Closer to the surface of the body.

DEEP

Farther away from the surface of the body.

AXIAL SKELETON

The bones forming the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

The bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

SAGITTAL PLANE

A plane that divides the body into left and right portions.

FRONTAL PLANE

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

HORIZONTAL / TRANSVERSE PLANE

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

SAGITTAL-PLANE MOVEMENTS

Primarily flexion and extension movements occur in the sagittal plane.

FRONTAL-PLANE MOVEMENTS

Primarily abduction and adduction movements occur in the frontal plane.

TRANSVERSE-PLANE MOVEMENTS

Primarily rotational movements occur in the transverse plane.

AXIS OF ROTATION

The imaginary line around which a body or body segment rotates.

PERPENDICULAR

Position or relationship in which two lines or planes meet at approximately a 90-degree angle.

PARALLEL

Two lines or planes that remain the same distance apart and do not intersect.

PLANE AND AXIS RELATIONSHIP

Movement occurs in a plane and rotates around an axis that is perpendicular to that plane.

GONIOMETER

A device used to measure the angle and range of motion of a joint.

RANGE OF MOTION (ROM)

The amount of movement available at a joint, usually measured in degrees.

LEVER ARM

A rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point and uses forces to produce movement.

FULCRUM

The fixed point around which a lever rotates.

EFFORT

The force applied to a lever to produce movement.

RESISTANCE

The force that opposes movement of a lever.

FIRST-CLASS LEVER

A lever in which the fulcrum is positioned between the effort and resistance. The arrangement is typically effort–fulcrum–resistance or resistance–fulcrum–effort.

SECOND-CLASS LEVER

A lever in which the resistance is positioned between the fulcrum and the effort. The arrangement is fulcrum–resistance–effort.

THIRD-CLASS LEVER

A lever in which the effort is positioned between the fulcrum and the resistance. The arrangement is fulcrum–effort–resistance.

PULLEY

A wheel with a groove through which a rope, cable, or tendon passes; it can change the direction of a force and can assist movement.

WHEEL AND AXLE

A mechanical system consisting of a wheel attached to an axle that rotates together, allowing force or movement to be transferred.

STRESS

The internal force experienced by a tissue when an external force is applied to it.

STRAIN

The amount of deformation or change in shape/length that occurs in a tissue in response to stress.

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

A graph showing how a material or tissue deforms in response to an applied stress. It can be used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of tissue.

ELASTIC PROPERTIES

The ability of a tissue to deform when a force is applied and return toward its original shape when the force is removed.

ELASTIC LIMIT

The greatest amount of stress a tissue can experience while still returning to its original shape after the stress is removed.

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Permanent deformation that occurs when tissue is stressed beyond its elastic limit.

FAILURE POINT

The point at which tissue can no longer withstand the applied stress and structural failure occurs.

MECHANICAL FORCES THAT PRODUCE INJURY

Forces such as tension, compression, shear, bending, and torsion can place stress on tissues and potentially cause injury.