Whap Chapter 4.1: Technological innovation

I’m gna crash out

Magnetic compass

Originally created in China for fortune telling, helps steer ships in right direction

Astrolabe

Improved by Muslim merchants in 12th C., tells sailor how far north or south they are from equator

Caravel

3 masted ship invented by Portuguese in 15th C.

What improved navigation?

Cartography and knowledge of current and wind patterns improve navigation

Cause of exploration: Growing European population

Difficult for some to find food or emplyment

Causes of exploration: Primogeniture Laws

younger sons looking to build own wealth

Causes of Exploration: Religious diversity

People’s looking for place to settle free of persecution

What are the causes of exploration?

Growing European population, primogeniture laws, religious diversity, and some are just looking for adventure

How was Europe connected with East and South Asia?

During the 16th century, Europeans become direct participants in Indian Ocean trade, hoped to find wealth and converts, Portugal establishes fort in Oman. Indian Ocean Trade brought silk, spices, tea to Mediterranean via the red sea

Omani European Rivalry

Rivalry between Oman and Portuguese, continued attempts to remove European forts

How did Europe respond to the Omani-European rivalry?

Trying to avoid conflict with Oman, Europeans look for another route to India

1492

Columbus arrives in America, connects people across the Atlantic, Europeans manage trade between Afro-Eurasian and the Americas

What was traded between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

From America: Sugar, Tobacco, rum

Africa: Enslaved people

Asia: silk, spices, rhubarb

Maritime Empires

Created by extensive trade networks centered around the Americas, include: Spain, Portugal, England, France, Holland (Netherlands)

Who will most of the trade be done by

Men, other than SE Asia which had women handling markets and money.

Henry the Navigator

Portugal, leading figure/ supporter of navigation, financed expeditions along Africa‘s Atlantic coast and around Cape of Good Hope

Advances in Ideas

As scholars gathered knowledge, the safety of sailing improved. Ex: Newton’s discovery of gravity increased knowledge of the tides, predict depth of water

Astronomical charts

Map of stars, used to determine location.

Mesopotamians invented in 2nd millennium BCE,

1609: telescope used to create new charts

Advances in equipment

Rudders from China, astrolabe from Muslim navigators, compass becomes primary direction finder used in navigation: invented in China, Lateen sail

Lateen sail

Invented by Arab sailors in Indian Ocean, Combined with square sails to allow sailors tot ravel into large oceans for the first time

New type of Ships

Carrack: 150ft long, developed by Portugal

Caravan- 75ft long, developed by Portugal and Spain

Flyut- 80ft long, developed by the Dutch

Long term result

Rapid expansion of exploration and global trade, gunpowder introduced to Europeans: aids them in global conquest, Islam continues to spread through activities of Muslims merchants, more technology exchanged and spread

1697

Peter the great visits Western Europe and observed naval technology