1.2 world history

Mamluk Sultanate

A medieval state in Egypt and the Levant that was established by former slave soldiers known as Mamluks. The Mamluk Sultanate thrived from the 13th to 16th centuries and was known for its military prowess and unique culture.

Seljuk Turks

A medieval empire that ruled parts of the Middle East and Anatolia, known for its military strength and significant contributions to Islamic culture and architecture from the 11th to 14th centuries.

Sultan

A title of authority used in Muslim contexts, often denoting a ruler or sovereign with political and military power.

Mongols

A group of nomadic tribes from Central Asia who, under Genghis Khan, established one of the largest empires in history, known for their military strategies and conquests during the 13th century.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic caliphate that succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate, it was known for its cultural, scientific, and economic influence and the establishment of Baghdad as its capital from the 8th to the 13th centuries.

Mamluks

A political and military class of slave soldiers that ruled Egypt and the Levant from the 13th to the 16th centuries, known for their military prowess and for defeating the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut.

Muhammad

The founder of Islam, Muhammad is regarded by Muslims as the last prophet of God. He received revelations from God that form the basis of the Qur'an and united various tribes in the Arabian Peninsula under Islam during the 7th century.

Crusaders

A group of medieval Christian warriors who undertook military campaigns in the Holy Land during the late 11th to 13th centuries, aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and other sacred sites from Muslim rule.

Sufis

A mystical Islamic group that seeks direct personal experience of God through rituals, meditation, and devotions. They emphasize inner spirituality and the pursuit of divine love and knowledge.

House of Wisdom

A major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age, the House of Wisdom was located in Baghdad. It served as a hub for scholars to gather, translate, and expand upon knowledge from various cultures, significantly contributing to advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy.

Baghdad

Capital of modern Iraq, historically significant for its cultural and intellectual contributions during the Islamic Golden Age.

Nasir al Din al Tusi

A Persian polymath who made significant contributions in astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy during the Islamic Golden Age. He is best known for his work in trigonometry and for founding the Maragheh observatory.

‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

A prominent female Muslim scholar, poet, and Sufi mystic, she is known for her extensive writings on Islamic theology and spirituality during the 14th century.