bio 2 digestive and urinary systems

digestive functions

digest food(breakdown), absorb digested food into blood, eliminate indigestible remains (2 parts=alimentary canal+GI tract/accessory digestive system

alimentary canal

continuous coiled hollow tube winding through ventral cavity of body and opening to external environment. organs= mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus. food in canal considered outside body

accessory digestive system

food doesnt pass through but parts provide chemical assistance in digestion. organs= teeth, tounge, salivary glands, parotid glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

digestive process order

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defication

propulsion

moving foold through alimentary canal- 1-swallowing- voluntary, soft palatte closes passages to nose and pharynx and epiglossis closes trachea-food moves into esophagus. 2- perislasis (involuntary) waves of muscle contractions in walls of organs that move food along canal

mechanical digestion

physically preparing food for chem digestion. chewing, mixing food w/saliva by tounge (mastication), churning of food in stomach, segmentation(separaring food into smaller clumps)-increases SA of food to allow for easy digestion

chemical digestion

mouth=saliva for carb digestion. stomach=gastric juice for protein digestion. liver=bile for fat digestion. pancreas=pancreatic juice for continued carb, fat protein digestion. gallbladder stores bile from liver

absorption

transport of digested end products-vitamins minerals and H2O from GI tract go into blood stream. small intestine is a major nutrient absorption site and large intestine absorbs water

defecation

elimination of indigestable substances, material stores in rectum and released from anus

constipation

low h2o content, treated w fluid meds lifestyle

diarrhea

high water content, meds electrolytes and lifestyle

acid reflux

gastric juice into esophagus- diet and meds

celiac disease

autoimmune reaction in small intestine- GF diet

lactose intolerance

lack enzymes to hydrolyze lactose- avoidance, alts, lactaid

urinary system function

filter blood, regulate water content, produce and store urine

urine formation

in kidney-filtration reabsorption and secretion. filtration= in glomerilus (twisted capillaries in nephron), bp causes water, salts, glucose, urea, aminos to enter bowmans capsule and make filtrate. filtrate passes through proximal convolated tube, loop of henle and distal convulated tube and body reabsorbs useful substances into blood. secretion-in distal convulated tube and collecting duct waste and excess ions transported into tubules. urine is the final product of this process, containing waste and excess substances eliminated from the body. goes collecting duct-renal pelvis-ureter-bladder

UTI

bacteria causes itching and pain, treated w antibiotics

enlarged prostate

age and changing hormones cause inability to easily void bladder-meds and surgery

incontinence

inability to control urine, various causes, treated w exercise, meds, retention aids

kidney stone

high calcium levels or infection cause collection of materials-treated w breakup of stones or naturally passing