Studied by 1 person
DNA methylation
Reduces the likelihood of gene transcription, meaning that the gene is there but is silenced and stays unread.
Augustine of Hippo
He was very sexually active, gave up his sexual pursuits, and became a priest.
Rank-order
_- stabilities are strongest over short time intervals, and they become weaker when the temporal distance between assessments increases.
Poor, healthy
Rat studies show that ______ mothering increases methylation, which turns off genes that are designed to build a ______ stress response system.
Mechanism of manipulation
Mechanism of actively altering environments in order to tailor them to ones preexisting personality tendencies.
Karen Horney
She claims that girls attraction to their fathers and disappointment in their mothers reflect their envy of the power that men and boys enjoy in society.
Wendy Johnson
Claims that the particular genes that could produce the exact same levels of extraversion in 2 different people are themselves likely to be very different.
Unopened, locked
When a gene is unexpressed, a(n) segment of DNA remains like an _____ book, its knowledge ______ away.
Epigenetics
Factors outside the genome that influence how genes are expressed.
Cognition
How we think.
Methylation, stress
In humans, maternal depression and anxiety in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy can lead to increased levels of DNA ____, which may lead to a compromised _____ response system.
Big 5
Most popular current version of trait taxonomies suggests that there are 5 basic groupings, OCEAN.
O
Tends to be associated with loose boundaries of consciousness and odd thinking patterns.
Methylation
Influenced by factors like aging, viral infections, and processes in the broad environment.
C, A, N
People tend to experience increases in ___ and ___ and decreases in ___ as they move from adolescence through late middle age.
Arc of maturation
Path followed as personality develops.
Jane Fonda
Her arc of maturation was about finding self-acceptance.
Depression, stress
The 5 HTTLPR serotonin transporter gene may lead to ____ and psychopathology when combined with a history of life _____.
Mechanism of responsivity
Mechanism that actors respond positively to features in their environment that are consistent with their own predispositions, thus reinforcing those predispositions.
Shawn Corey Carter
A violent and criminal, loved music, is now Jay-Z.
Emotional stability
Getting married is associated with above-average increases in ____ _____.
Openness to experience (O)
Individual differences in the quality and breadth of a persons thoughts, interests, and values.
Personality traits
Broad and relatively stable individual differences in feeling, thought, and behavior that tend to differentiate one social actor from the next.
Genes
____ interact with environments on many different levels to drive the development of personality traits.
Rank-order stability
The extent to which individual differences in a given trait hold steady over time.
Freud
He claims that young girls are first attracted to their mothers, then to their fathers, and ultimately take their mothers sexual orientation.
authoritative
A(n) _____ parenting style tends to be associated with many positive outcomes in children's lives.
Brain maturation, 20
_____ _____ could be responsible for increases in A and C and decreases in N, since the PFC only reaches maturity until ___ years old.
O
________ tends to be positively associated with measures of general cognitive ability.
Personality traits
At least 50 % of the variance in ____ ____ is accounted for by genetic differences between people.
Roles
Highly structured patterns of activity and commitment that are designed to perform essential functions in an ongoing community of human actors
Mean-level change
The extent to which members of the group, on average, tend to increase/decrease on a given dispositional trait as it is tracked over time
5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter gene
Gene partly responsible for regulating serotonergic function
Timing, later, earlier
There are cross-cultural differences in the ___ of trait change: Norway/Denmark = ___, Mexico/Ecuador = ____
High school reunion changes
Mary was an awkward adolescent but was now socially poised, confident, friendly, and sophisticated
Instrumental role
Roles like CEO, boss, teacher
Expressive role
Roles like mother, son, lover
Behavioral protocols
Roles may entail formal ______ ______: POTUS
Expectations
May entail a set of vague ____: uncle
Approval
Roles may have high social ______: homecoming queen
Disapproval
Roles may have strong social _____: class bully
Penis
Freud believed that girls never lose their “_____ envy”
Women, mothering
Karen Horney believed that Freud didn’t understand _____'s psychology because he could not empathize with the ______ role
Stability
Many empirical findings show that there is long-term ____ in traits
Rank-order
Individual differences in personality traits (Big 5) show substantial - stability
Decline, rise
The proportion of trait variation accounted for by genetic differences between people may _____ as people get older and as environmental influences of all kinds _____
Similar
Adolescents who play specific roles in high school (such as being a jock or a brain) tend to adopt _____ roles in later life stages such as in college or in their chosen occupational/leisure interests
Western
Authoritative parenting tends to predict higher levels of school achievement, moral development, and overall competence in children and adolescents mostly in ______ families
C, O
Children raised in authoritative households tend to develop ___ characteristics (self-discipline and achievement striving) and ___ characteristics (curiosity, intellectual initiative, and personalized moral standards)
0
Studies show that shared environmental effects are almost ___
Different, more
MZ twins who differ in their exposure to stressful life events show correspondingly _____ scores on neuroticism (exposed to more stress = ___ N)
On, off
Environmental experiences can essentially turn genes ____ and ____
Biological, aging
People become more A and C but less N because of universal _____ changes that accompany _____
Roles
Social _____ could be an important factor explaining Big 5 traits arc of maturation
Community, increases
Young men high in A tend to engage in _____ service professions and their engagement in these roles further _____ their A
2-7
Most personality psychologists believe that the entire universe of traits can be grouped between - basic regions/clusters of related traits
Staying
Early differences in socioemotional functioning (temperament/personality) have a _____ power
Parents
_____ are the most important agents of socialization in any child’s life
Note 
Flashcard (20)