Chapter 4 Textbook

DNA methylation

Reduces the likelihood of gene transcription, meaning that the gene is there but is silenced and stays unread.

Augustine of Hippo

He was very sexually active, gave up his sexual pursuits, and became a priest.

Rank-order

_____-____ stabilities are strongest over short time intervals, and they become weaker when the temporal distance between assessments increases.

Poor, healthy

Rat studies show that ______ mothering increases methylation, which turns off genes that are designed to build a ______ stress response system.

Mechanism of manipulation

Mechanism of actively altering environments in order to tailor them to ones preexisting personality tendencies.

Karen Horney

She claims that girls attraction to their fathers and disappointment in their mothers reflect their envy of the power that men and boys enjoy in society.

Wendy Johnson

Claims that the particular genes that could produce the exact same levels of extraversion in 2 different people are themselves likely to be very different.

Unopened, locked

When a gene is unexpressed, a(n) segment of DNA remains like an _____ book, its knowledge ______ away.

Epigenetics

Factors outside the genome that influence how genes are expressed.

Cognition

How we think.

Methylation, stress

In humans, maternal depression and anxiety in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy can lead to increased levels of DNA ____, which may lead to a compromised _____ response system.

Big 5

Most popular current version of trait taxonomies suggests that there are 5 basic groupings, OCEAN.

O

Tends to be associated with loose boundaries of consciousness and odd thinking patterns.

Methylation

Influenced by factors like aging, viral infections, and processes in the broad environment.

C, A, N

People tend to experience increases in ___ and ___ and decreases in ___ as they move from adolescence through late middle age.

Arc of maturation

Path followed as personality develops.

Jane Fonda

Her arc of maturation was about finding self-acceptance.

Depression, stress

The 5 HTTLPR serotonin transporter gene may lead to ____ and psychopathology when combined with a history of life _____.

Mechanism of responsivity

Mechanism that actors respond positively to features in their environment that are consistent with their own predispositions, thus reinforcing those predispositions.

Shawn Corey Carter

A violent and criminal, loved music, is now Jay-Z.

Emotional stability

Getting married is associated with above-average increases in ____ _____.

Openness to experience (O)

Individual differences in the quality and breadth of a persons thoughts, interests, and values.

Personality traits

Broad and relatively stable individual differences in feeling, thought, and behavior that tend to differentiate one social actor from the next.

Genes

____ interact with environments on many different levels to drive the development of personality traits.

Rank-order stability

The extent to which individual differences in a given trait hold steady over time.

Freud

He claims that young girls are first attracted to their mothers, then to their fathers, and ultimately take their mothers sexual orientation.

authoritative

A(n) _____ parenting style tends to be associated with many positive outcomes in children's lives.

Brain maturation, 20

_____ _____ could be responsible for increases in A and C and decreases in N, since the PFC only reaches maturity until ___ years old.

O

________ tends to be positively associated with measures of general cognitive ability.

Personality traits

At least 50 % of the variance in ____ ____ is accounted for by genetic differences between people.

Roles

Highly structured patterns of activity and commitment that are designed to perform essential functions in an ongoing community of human actors

Mean-level change

The extent to which members of the group, on average, tend to increase/decrease on a given dispositional trait as it is tracked over time

5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter gene

Gene partly responsible for regulating serotonergic function

Timing, later, earlier

There are cross-cultural differences in the ___ of trait change: Norway/Denmark = ___, Mexico/Ecuador = ____

High school reunion changes

Mary was an awkward adolescent but was now socially poised, confident, friendly, and sophisticated

Instrumental role

Roles like CEO, boss, teacher

Expressive role

Roles like mother, son, lover

Behavioral protocols

Roles may entail formal ______ ______: POTUS

Expectations

May entail a set of vague ____: uncle

Approval

Roles may have high social ______: homecoming queen

Disapproval

Roles may have strong social _____: class bully

Penis

Freud believed that girls never lose their “_____ envy”

Women, mothering

Karen Horney believed that Freud didn’t understand _____'s psychology because he could not empathize with the ______ role

Stability

Many empirical findings show that there is long-term ____ in traits

Rank-order

Individual differences in personality traits (Big 5) show substantial _____-_____ stability

Decline, rise

The proportion of trait variation accounted for by genetic differences between people may _____ as people get older and as environmental influences of all kinds _____

Similar

Adolescents who play specific roles in high school (such as being a jock or a brain) tend to adopt _____ roles in later life stages such as in college or in their chosen occupational/leisure interests

Western

Authoritative parenting tends to predict higher levels of school achievement, moral development, and overall competence in children and adolescents mostly in ______ families

C, O

Children raised in authoritative households tend to develop ___ characteristics (self-discipline and achievement striving) and ___ characteristics (curiosity, intellectual initiative, and personalized moral standards)

0

Studies show that shared environmental effects are almost ___

Different, more

MZ twins who differ in their exposure to stressful life events show correspondingly _____ scores on neuroticism (exposed to more stress = ___ N)

On, off

Environmental experiences can essentially turn genes ____ and ____

Biological, aging

People become more A and C but less N because of universal _____ changes that accompany _____

Roles

Social _____ could be an important factor explaining Big 5 traits arc of maturation

Community, increases

Young men high in A tend to engage in _____ service professions and their engagement in these roles further _____ their A

2-7

Most personality psychologists believe that the entire universe of traits can be grouped between ___-___ basic regions/clusters of related traits

Staying

Early differences in socioemotional functioning (temperament/personality) have a _____ power

Parents

_____ are the most important agents of socialization in any child’s life