AP BIO: EXAM REVIEW

All units

Monomers

Building blocks of polymers

Dehydration synthesis

One monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer and releases a water molecule

Hydrolysis

Bond between polymers is broken by addition of water molecule

Carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, 3-7 carbon atoms

Disaccharide

Form when two monosaccharides bond via dehydration synthesis

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Primary protein structure

Sequence of amino acids

Secondary protein structure

Interaction of peptide backbone (hydrogen bonds)

Tertiary protein structure

Side chain interaction

Quaternary protein structure

Arrangement of multiple chains together

Fatty acids

Carbon chains and an acidic carboxyl group

Saturated fat

Saturated by hydrogen (solid @room temp)

Unsaturated fat

Less hydrogens (liquid at room temp)

Lipids

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes phosphorus

Nucleic Acid

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Chromosomes

DNA broken into long, linear pieces

Monomer of nucleic acid

Nucleotides

Polynucleotide

Chain resulting from combination of nucleotides

Purine

(Adenine, guanine) 2 rings

Pyramidine

(Thymine, uracil, cytosine) single ring

DNA sugar

Deoxyribose (2nd carbon has hydrogen)

RNA sugar

Ribose (2nd carbon has hydroxyl group)

DNA written

5’—> 3’

m-RNA

Between protein coding gene and it’s protein product

r-RNA

helps accelerate chemical reactions (helps RNA bind to the right spot)

t-RNA

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

Element

Pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction

Compound

Substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

CHON

90% of living matter

Subatomic particles

Proton, neutron, electron

Electron arrangement

2 in the first shell and 8 in the outer shell

Covalent bonds

Strongest chemical attraction, sharing valence electrons

Ionic bonds

Formed due to the result of two ions of opposite charge

Ion

Atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge due to the amount of electrons

Cation

Positive ion

Anion

Negative ion

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge that allows it to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby

Van Der Waals

Occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together

Chemical reaction

Making and breaking of bonds

Bonds involved in water

Polar bond, hydrogen bond

Water’s Cohesive Behavior

Hydrogen bonds hold the substance together. (Hydrogen bonds adhere water to different molecules. High surface tension)

Water’s Moderation of temperature

Absorbs and releases heat (high heat capacity)

Water’s Heat vaporization

As a liquid evaporates, the surface that remains behind cools down. (moderates climate and prevents organisms from overheating)

Water’s density

Less dense in its solid state (inversely proportional to temperature and volume). Sustains life underneath frozen bodies of water (ice works as an insulator).

Water’s Solubility

Due to its polarity, water can dissolve ionic and nonionic

Acids

Release H+ to the solution when dissolved in water

Bases

Release OH- to solution when dissolved in water

Types of carbon skeletons

Hydrocarbons, isomers

Isomers

Structural, cis-trans, enantiomers

Carbon skeletons

Vary in length, may be on branch or branch, may have double bonds or rings

Cis-isomer

Trans-isomer

Enantiomers

Mirror each other

Functional groups

Atoms attached to organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

ATP

Important source of energy for cellular processes

Dehydration reaction

Removes water, forms a new bond between monomers

Hydrolysis reaction

Add a molecule of water, break down polymers

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Main source of energy, fuel molecules, energy storage, structural function

Proteins (CHON(S))

made of amino acids, chemical catalyst, messengers

Nucleic acids (CHONP)

DNA and RNA, Genes and proteins, nucleotides(sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base)

LIPIDS (CHO(P))

Hydrophobic, fats

Carbohydrates

Sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharide)

Lipids

Fats, steroids, and phospholipids

Proteins

Polymer made of amino acids, joined by a peptide bond (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structural)

Types of nitrogen bases

Pyrimidines, purines

Nitrogen bases in DNA

thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine

Nitrogen bases in RNA

Uracil, Guanine, adenine, cytosine

Adhesion

2 different substances sticking to each other

Cohesion

Same substance sticking to another molecule of the same substance

Water’s surface tension

Water has no force from above so they become more tightly packed =surface tension

Solute

Being dissolved

Elements

Pure substances

Atom

Smallest form of an element

Number of Protons

Defines an element

Ionic bond

Bond between ions (a negative and positive atom hanging out together) (stealing electrons)

Covalent bond

2 atoms sharing electrons to add up to 8

Lysosomes

Have an acidic pH in order to dispose of cellular waste

Peroxisomes

Carry out oxidation reactions and produce hydrogen peroxide

Compartmentalization in cells

Maintain different environments inside a single cell allows eukaryotic cells to carry out complex metabolic reactions

Eukaryotic cells have

Membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes

Endomembrane system

Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

What organelles does the endomembeane system not include

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Plays an important role in the modification of proteins and the synthesis of lipids

Rough ER

Has ribosomes that make proteins and feed the newly forming protein chains into the cumen

Smooth ER

Synthesize carbs, lipids, and steroid horomones

Golgi apparatus

Storing, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins

Lysosome

Organelle that contains digestive enzymes and acts as an organelle recycling facility

Central vacuole

Stores water and waste, isolates hazardous material, and has enzymes to break down macromolecules and cellular components

Mitochondria

Break down fuel molecules and capture energy in cellular respiration

Stacked thylakoids

Grana

Inter membrane space

Space between membranes

Mitochondrial matrix

Compartment enclosed by the inner membrane

Endosymbiosis

Symbiosis where one organism lives inside the other

Plasma membrane

Components that move freely and fluidly in the plane of the membrane

Glycoprotein

Protein with carbohydrates attached

Glycolipid

Lipid with carbs attached

Phospholipid

Lipid made with glycerol

Phospholipid bilayer

2 layers of phospholipids with their tails pointing inwards

Transmembrane proteins

Extend all the way across the membrane