Cognitive Development: Building a Foundation for Language

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17 Terms

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Multiple Intelligences Theory
A theory developed by Howard Gardner recognizing that humans have several types of intelligences.
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Cognitive Development
The process by which individuals organize their experiences and adapt their mental capabilities.
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Schema
A mental structure that organizes knowledge, according to Piaget's theory.
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Assimilation
The process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
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Accommodation
The process of altering existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new information.
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Equilibrium
A state of cognitive balance where assimilation and accommodation are in harmony.
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Sensorimotor Stage
The first stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory, from birth to about 2 years old, characterized by sensory experiences and motor actions.
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Egocentric Speech
Piaget's term for children's self-directed talk during early cognitive development.
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Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky's concept describing tasks that a child can perform with help, emphasizing the role of social interaction.
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Intersubjectivity
The process by which two individuals having different perspectives come to a shared understanding.
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Shape Bias
The tendency of young children to generalize novel names to new instances that match in shape.
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Executive Functions
Control processes in the brain that manage attention, working memory, and inhibition of distractions.
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Bilingualism
The ability to speak and understand two languages; associated with cognitive benefits.
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Limited Capacity Hypothesis
The theory that a child can acquire one language completely but struggles to learn multiple languages simultaneously without competence loss.
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Additive Bilingual Environment
An environment where a child learns a second language without losing the first language, promoting cognitive flexibility.
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Subtractive Bilingual Environment
An environment where learning a second language leads to a reduction in proficiency in the first language.
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Theory of Mind
The ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that differ from one's own.