Unit 6a: Solutions

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Precipitate

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

Properties of water

the universal solvent, polar

Rate of dissolving

How fast a solute dissolves in a solvent

Solubility: Gases

decreases as temperature increases

Solubility: Liquids

increases as temperature increases

Solubility: Solids

increases as temperature increases

Types of Solutions

saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated

Types of Solutions: Saturated

a solution that has dissolved all the solute it can

Types of Solutions: Unsaturated

a solution that could still dissolve more solute

Types of Solutions: Supersaturated

a solution that has more solute dissolved in it than should be possible. this could happen because of a solution at a high temperature having solute dissolved into it until it is saturated then the temperature decreases which decreases the amount of solute that can dissolve.

Dilution

adding more solvent to a solution to make the concentration decrease.

Concentration

how much solute is in a solvent

Concentration, Volume, and Moles equations

C = n/v

C1 V2 = C2 V2

Percent Concentration

m/m%, m/v%, v/v%

mass/mass percent, mass/volume percent, volume/volume percent

parts per m(illion)b(illion)t(rillion)

mass of solute/mass of solvent * 10^6(million) or 10^9(billion) or 10^12(trillion)

intermolecular forces

dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, hydrogen bonds

intermolecular forces: Dipole-Dipole

The attraction between opposite charges on two polar molecules. these are weak attractions

intermolecular forces: Ion-Dipole

the attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule. The negative end of the dipole attracts cations and the positive end of the dipole attracts anions

intermolecular forces: Hydrogen Bonds

the attraction between hydrogen atoms bonded to N, O, or F atoms on one molecule to a lone pair of electrons of an N, O, or F atom on another molecule. 1/10th as strong as a covalent bond