Therapeutic Excercise After Injury

Flashcards about therapeutic exercise for injury rehabilitation.

What is the smallest unit that can live on its own and makes up all living organisms and tissues of the body?

The Cell

List the four basic cell structures

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles

What is a Intracellular mini-organ that carry-out a metabolic function, based on coded messages from the nucleus?

Organelle

What envelops every cell and each of its organelles and is composed of a double layer of phospholipids?

Cell Membrane

What adds to the structural strength of the cell membrane?

Cholesterol

What permits controlled entry and exit of substances in/ out of the cell?

Phospholipid Bilayer

What part of the cell is important for cell signalling and involved in many processes including mechanotransduction?

Glycocalyx

What part of the cell fills the intracellular area beneath the cell membrane, but external to the nucleus?

Cytoplasm

What part of the cell provides a scaffold and matrix which supports the cell?

Cytoskeleton

What part of the cell houses DNA, which controls cell functions and structure?

Nucleus

What utilises aerobic respiration to generate ATP for chemical energy?

Mitochondria

What has a key role in biosynthesis of protein, lipid, cholesterol and hormones?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

What are the sites of protein biosynthesis that link amino acids together?

Ribosomes

What part of the cell packages, modifies and distributes proteins?

Golgi Apparatus

What part of the cell originates from the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzyme?

Lysosomes

What contains fibrous structural proteins providing tensile strength, sticky glycoproteins for cell adhesion, and proteoglycans key in tissue hydrations?

Extracellular Matrix

What is defined as the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems?

Homeostasis

What helps to explain how biological systems, such as our body, responds to stressors?

General Adaption Syndrome

Define Allostasis

Humans will attempt to adapt to be better equipped to deal with the stressor, so that if it is encountered again the system will be less likely to depart from homeostasis in the first place.

What GAS phase presents with a stressor present and weakened immune system?

Alarm

What GA phase presents with body in overdrive to compensate?

Resistance

What phase of GAS presents with body breaks down and can no longer take the neglect?

Exhaustion

What are key components of positive adaptation?

STRESS, FATIGUE, RECOVERY, SUPERCOMPENSATION, RETURN TO BASELINE, PROGRESSIVE STRESS

What is referred to as the immediate changes in cells, tissues and systems during or immediately following a single exercise bout?

Acute response

What is referred to as Adjustments to repeated exposure to a stimulus resulting in longer lasting and systematic changes that influence subsequent acute Reponses and performance over time?

Chronic Adaptation

What is defined as a greater-than-normal stress or demand placed upon a physiological system or organ typically resulting in an increase in strength or function?

Law of Progressive Overload

What is defined as the movement of molecules across the cell membrane down a concentration gradient without the need for energy?

Passive transport

What is defined as the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration while using a carrier protein?

Active transport

What type of channels mean it is controlled and chooses whether it is open or closed?

Gated Channels

What is responsible for actively pumping ions in and out of the intra and extracellular matrix?

Ion Pumps

What is responsible for the preservation of the electrochemical gradient/ resting membrane potential of the cell?

Sodium-Potassium Pump

What is a rapid change in the transmembrane potential which allows cells to conduct nerve impulses?

Action potential

What is the process whereby mechanical stimuli are converted into biological responses within target cells?

Mechanotransduction

List the three phases of Mechanotransduction

Mechanocoupling, Cell to cell communication, Effector response

What is responsible for communication throughout tissue to distribute the loading message?

Cell to cell communication

What has cells within a tissue that will accurately respond to the load?

Effector Cell response

What law is bone adapts its internal structure according to the forces placed upon it?

Wolff’s Law

What are the three types of work?

Mechanical, Chemical, and Transport

What is the collection of chemical reactions that happen in each cell that allow it to function, survive and reproduce?

Metabolism

What metabolic pathways are an energy releasing process?

Catabolic Metabolic Pathways

What metabolic pathways are an energy using process?

Anabolic Metabolic Pathways

What are the two fundamental metabolic systems used to replenish and maintain a continuous supply of ATP to provide energy for biological work?

Anaerobic and Aerobic

What is the splitting of glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP?

Glycolysis

Where does the process of Electron transport chain take place?

Mitochondrial Chemiosmotic Mechanism

What is another phrase for long Term Aerobic System?

oxidative phosphorylation

Define Macronutrients

are dietary nutrients needed by the body in relatively large amounts daily e.g. carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Macronutrient energy output

Carbohydrates= 16kJ/g , Fats = 37kJ/g, Proteins = 17kJ/g

What is converting adipose tissue to TGL’s tto FFA’s and glycerol?

LIPOLYSIS

What is primarily responsible for the determinants of energy supply?

Intensity and Duration

List the correct order of tissue speeds of detraining fastest to slowest

Muscle structure > connective tissue > nervous system

What comprises a muscle that is made up of 85% muscle fibres and 15% connective tissue?

Skeletal Muscle Structure

What boundary wraps the whole muscle?

Epimysial boundary

What boundary wraps the fascicle bundles that encases approximately 150 muscle fibres to help create discrete muscle fascicles?

Perimysial boundary

What boundary wraps the muscle fibres.

Endomysial boundary

What muscle type compromises 75% H2O, 20% protein and is multinucleic?

Muscle Fibres

What specialized extensible cell membrane of muscle fibres that can be electrically excited by action potentials from a motor neuron?

Sarcolemma

What membrane has a key role in regulating the neuromuscular junction?

Basement Membrane

What is the specialized cytoplasm of muscle fibres that suspends the myofibrillar proteins and organelles?

Sarcoplasm

What is the specialized smooth ER that stores, releases and retrieves calcium ions?

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

What is the the smallest functional unit within a skeletal muscle?

Sarcomere

What are load sensitive and play a key role in mechanotransduction that have been shown to donate their myonuclei to the muscle fibre which allows for gene expression and protein synthesis?

Satellite Cells

What provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin and can stretch and recoil and produce force during eccentric contraction?

Titin

What is the sequence of events in which a nerve impulse reaches the muscle membrane and leads to muscle shortening by cross-bridge activity?

Excitation- contraction (EC) Coupling

What part of the body consists of a motor neuron and the group of skeletal muscles it innervates?

Neuromuscular Transmission (Motor Unit)

In what sliding filament theory step involved head tilting?

Power stroke

Which muscle fiber is aerobic has low ATPase activity, Vmax (speed of shortening) and moderate Tension?

Slow fibers (Type I)

When completing the stretch shortening Cycle. what part of the tissue is pre-activated?

Central pattern generators in the primary motor cortex and spinal cord activate tissues in preparation for dynamic loading

What is the definition of stiffness?

Resistance to deformation against external force.

What are key areas that influence Force generating capacity is influence by both neuromuscular?

Architecture and Morphology and Neurological and Neuromuscular

When adapting to hypertrophy the, contractile elements enlarge and the ECM expands to support muscle fibre growth. What action is involed?

Increased sarcomeres parallel to one another (i.e. side by side) and Increased sarcomeres in series (i.e. end to end)

What stimulates protein synthesis,affects adiposity,and stimulates protein synthesis?

Growth Hormone

What is the the anabolic cell signalling pathways that drive a hypertrophic response?

Akt and mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin pathway

What factor increases by having Increased CSA?

Force generating capacity

List examples of joint adaptations

Ligaments (increased cross sectional area/Increased strength/Increased stiffness) Cartilage Cartilage (Increased proteoglycan content/Increased cartilage thickness/Increased stiffness)

Name advantages of increased fascicle length

Generating increased contractile velocity and Optimal force generation occurs at increased lengths

What is increased to chronic load?

Tendon dimensiond

What mode has muscle Size CSA of ++

CONC

List the structures of the Central Nervous system.

Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrum, Brainstem, Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Spinal Cord

What nervous system Regulates involuntary physiological processes without conscious control?

Autonomic Nervous System

Name examples of key Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Glutamate, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

What system Is a ‘closed loop’ system whereby the heart is the muscular pump that pressurizes it?

Cardiovascular System

In the heart what Prevents backflow into the right ventricle?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

In the heart what Prevents backflow into the left ventricle,

Aortic semilunar valve

What gives the heart Provides muscular contractions to eject blood from the heart chambers

Myocardium

What is measured as he number of times your heart is beating per minute?

Heart Rate

What division of the Nrevous system Increases HR?

Sympathetic NS

What division of the Nrevous system Decreases HR?

Parasympathetic NS

What isAmount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during systole?

Stroke Volume

Define EDV What are factors that significantly impact this measurment?

End diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood within the ventricles at the end of diastole, VR (rate of venous return ↑VR

What factors Affecting SV- Extrinsic?

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity and noradrenaline release, increases ventricular and atrial contractility
Sympathetic NS activity also increases heart rate

What is the product of heart rate and stroke volume.

Cardiac Output

Which is the pressure of the circulating blood on the walls of the vessels?

Blood Pressure

Which factor can effect the Acute Responses to ↑ BF to working muscles?

Decreased BF to non-working muscles and organs

What is a Long term cardiovascular adaptation where the Cardiac muscle will hypertrophy (stress adaptation)

Left ventricle adaptation

Which is the Long term cardiovascular adaptation where the Is greater diastolic filling kpa (kilopascals)

Blood Adaptations Hypervolemia

VO2 Max adaptions is what percentage in an individual with a low initial VO2 max?

25%

Which results Increases Oxygen capacity and can be associated with a Decreased heart rate adaptions?

Bradycardia (slow heart rate)

Define Pulmonary respiration.

Ventilation (breathing) + gas exchange (O2: CO2)

Which zone has Larger tubes for air transportation that is to aid in air humidification and filtration?

Conducting zone

In Gas Exchange in the Alveoli how do gasses shift?

Alveolar O2 pressure is greater than the blood, O2 moves from the lungs to the blood