JJ's Study Guide WGU Patho

What is used to treat prostate cancer?

Cryoablation

sporadic

ALS category

Osteo Arthritis (OA)

- joint cartilage is gradually lost

- unilateral

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

An autoimmune disease.

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Swelling, stiffness, and pain in joints.

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

Chronic soft tissue inflammation.

What can rheumatoid arthritis lead to?

Crippling deformities and degeneration of cartilage in joints.

endocarditis

-inflammation of the lining of the heart

-Vegetation shown on an echo

Type 2 MI

lack of oxygen

MI symptoms

-SOB

-Neck/Jaw pain

-Chest Pain

-Vomiting

Risk factor for Erectile Dysfunction

Heart Disease

Symptoms of Cirrhosis

-Ascites

-Jaundice

- Elevated AST & ALT

Symptoms of ESRD

-Decreased Urine output

-Anemia

-Fatigue

-Itchy Skin

What is a Chromosomal abnormality?

Turner's, missing X chromosome

What is a communicable disease causing muscle weakness/paralysis within 4-6 hours after onset?

A. Myelitis

B. Malaria

C. West Nile

D. Botulism

D. Botulism

What causes malaria?

Plasmodium

Ovarian Tumor/Cancer

HE4 Biomarkers

What solutions is ISOTONIC to RBC's ?

0.9 NaCl Solution (Normal Saline)

What causes peripheral neuropathy?

-Toxins

-Vitamin Deficiency

-Infections

What causes delayed puberty?

chronic illness

What symptom is associated with Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps)?

-Lower Back Pain

-Nausea/Vomiting

-Diarrhea/Constipation

-Fatigue

-Headaches

Aplastic Anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

Risk Factors for Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation)

"The 4 F's"

1. Female

2. Forty

3. Fat

4. Fertile

Symptoms of Stage One Lyme disease

Swollen Lymph Nodes

Spine Curvature

Lordosis

Symptoms of ALS

-Muscle weakness in one or more of the following: hands, arms, legs, or the muscles of speech, swallowing, or breathing

-Twitching (fasciculation) and cramping of muscles, especially those in the hands and feet

-Weakness

-The use of Prescribed Anti-glutamate

What causes secondary hypertension?

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

What is Diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

A Tympanic Membrane perforation can cause?

Middle Ear Infection

What triggers Vass occlusive Crisis in sickle-cell anemia?

Acidosis / Dehydration

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) Steps

Step 1: Renin Release (Triggering the RAAS)

Step 2: Angiotensinogen Conversion

Step 3: Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 11

Step 4: Effects of Angiotensin 11

Step 5: Aldosterone and ADH Effects

RAAS: Step 1: Renin Release

- Stimuli for renin release:

Low blood pressure (hypotension)

Low sodium levels in the kidney

Sympathetic nervous system activation

- Renin, an enzyme, is released by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney.

RAAS: Step 3: Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 11

Angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE), primarily found in the lungs, converts angiotensin 1 -> Angiotensin 11

RASS: Step 4: Effects of Angiotensin 11

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and has several key effects:

-Increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

-Stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal glands.

-Increases ADH (vasopressin) secretion from the pituitary gland.

-Triggers thirst to encourage fluid intake.

RAAS: Step 2:Angotensinogen Conversion

Renin converts angiotensinogen (A protein made by the liver) into Angiotensin 1.

RAAS: Step 5: Aldosterone and ADH Effects

-Aldosterone (from the adrenal glands) promotes sodium and water retention in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure.

-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, further raising blood pressure.

What is RAAS do?

A hormonal system that regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis.

A pouchlike protrusion in the sigmoid?

diverticulosis

Fibromyalgia

-Muscle Weakness

-Emotional Distress symptoms

- Typically take antidepressants and use acupuncture

What do B cells do?

produce antibodies

What do T-cells do?

produce cytokines

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stages

Chronic phase and accelerated phase or blast phase

What condition allows blood flow back into the left atrium from the left ventricle?

Mitral Insufficiency

Two tumors that are Benign?

-Adenoma

- Osteoma

A patient complains of mild discomfort and bulging submucosal veins, what would be the diagnosis?

Esophageal Varices

A pregnant lady with a non-healed wound and an HgA1C of 8, what is her suspected diagnosis?

Gestational Diabetes

A patients imaging shows a femur fracture and thickening of bone, what diagnosis could this be?

Paget's Disease

What are the treatments for Genital Warts?

-Cryotherapy

-Electrocautery

-Laser

What STI can cause conjunctivitis in a baby being delivered via vaginal birth?

1. Chlamydia Trachomatis

2. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Greenstick Fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Compartment Syndrome

Increased pressure within one or more compartments, leading to decreased blood flow, tissue ischemia, and neurovascular impairment.

How long, if NOT treated, does neurovascular damage happen in compartment syndrome?

4-6 hours after onset

Sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments

Stage 1 Sprain

Mild sprain with slight stretching or microscopic tearing of the ligament.

Symptoms: Mild Pain, Swelling, Tenderness, Bruising

Stage 2 Sprain

Moderate sprain with partial tearing of the ligaments.

Stage 3 Sprain

Severe Sprain with a complete tear of the ligament. Can lead to permanent instability.

basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

a surface epithelial tumor of the skin originating from basil or germinative cells. typically occur on the face and present as shiny, translucent, or pearly domes.

vitiligo

white patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes associated with autoimmune disorders

A patient presents with scaling and itching of the foot, the MD prescribes an antifungal, what disease could the patient have been diagnosed with?

Tinea Pedis (Athlete's Foot)

What are three things that can cause peripheral neuropathy?

1. Diabetes Mellitus

2. Chemotherapy treatments

3. Chronic Alcoholism

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

Signs and Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis

-Droopy Eyelids

-Double Vision

-Difficulty making facial Expressions

-SOB

-Slurred Speech

-Weakness Arm/leg/Neck

What medication can help with Myasthenia Gravis?

Acetylcholine

Aneurysm

a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber

thrombus

stationary blood clot

Embolus

moving blood clot

Cardiac dysrhythmias

-Deviations from normal cardiac rate or rhythm

Atherosclerosis

inflammatory process involving the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of a large or medium-sized artery

Hyperlipidemia (HLD)

high cholesterol

parnicious anemia

An autoimmune disorder; resulting in the inability to absorb vitamin B12

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells (CD4 + T helper Cells) in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.

Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X)

A genetic disorder that occurs when a female is born with one X chromosome instead of 2. (45,X instead of 46, XX)

Key Features of Turner Syndrome

-Short Stature

-Delayed Puberty

-Webbed Neck (Extra Skin folds)

-Heart Defects

-Learning difficulties

-Infertility issues

Introns

a noncoding DNA/RNA sequence within a gene that is removed before the RNA is translated into a protein.

Translation

Process where mRNA sequence is read by a ribosome to build a protein chain, essentially converting the genetic code into a functional code.

Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with a Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE)

when alcohol is exposed prenatally; No SAFE level of consumption

Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes

hard, bony enlargements characteristic of osteoarthritis that are caused by the formation of osteocytes

Where is Heberden's nodes found with osteoarthritis

Distal Interphalangeal Joint (Closest to the fingertip)

Where is Bouchard's nodes located?

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (middle finger Joint)

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

a genetic disorder caused by a trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome

Signs/symptoms of Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

-Distinctive Facial Appearance

-Low nasal bridge

-Epicanthic folds

-Protruding tongue

-Flat, low set Ears

-CHF