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Types of Driving Forces
Chemical, Electrical, and Electrochemical
Chemical Driving Forces
when substances are in different concentrations on either side of the membrane, a concentration gradient exists ∆C
Electrical Driving Forces
Result from differences in electrical potential across the membrane, typically around -70 millivolts (Vm = -70 mV). This is known as the resting membrane potential (RMP).
Electrochemical Driving Forces
The combined force of the chemical and electrical driving force