Hypertension Diagnosis, Classification, and Pharmacotherapy Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering blood pressure classifications, diagnostic criteria, hypertension risk factors, therapy goals, and drug classes based on the lecture transcript.

Normal Blood Pressure

A classification defined as a systolic blood pressure less than $120$ and a diastolic blood pressure less than $80$.

Elevated Blood Pressure

A classification defined as a systolic blood pressure between $120$ and $129$ and a diastolic blood pressure less than $80$.

Stage 1 Hypertension

A classification defined as a systolic blood pressure between $130$ and $139$ or a diastolic blood pressure between $80$ and $89$.

Stage 2 Hypertension

A classification defined as a systolic blood pressure equal to or above $140$ or a diastolic blood pressure of $90$ or above.

Hypotension

A condition defined as a blood pressure reading less than $90/60$, requiring either systolic less than $90$ or diastolic less than $60$.

Hypertension Diagnosis Criterion

The requirement of an average of at least two blood pressure readings taken on two different occasions or clinic visits before diagnosing hypertension.

Primary Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure that occurs without a known cause or contributing medical condition.

Secondary Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure caused by an underlying comorbid condition, such as chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, primary aldosteronism, or thyroid abnormalities.

Controlled Hypertension

An assessment term used for a patient diagnosed with hypertension whose blood pressure measurement is below the goal of less than $130/80$.

Uncontrolled Hypertension

An assessment term used for a patient diagnosed with hypertension whose blood pressure measurement is at or above the goal of less than $130/80$.

DASH Diet

A healthy dietary pattern recommended for patients with hypertension that prioritizes decreasing sodium intake.

ACE Inhibitors

Antihypertensive medications (e.g., lisinopril, enalapril, benazepril) that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and block bradykinin breakdown; key adverse reactions include dry cough, hyperkalemia, and angioedema.

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Antihypertensive medications (e.g., losartan, valsartan, irbesartan) that block the action of angiotensin II at the angiotensin type 1 receptors.

DHP Calcium Channel Blockers

Antihypertensive agents (e.g., amlodipine, nifedipine) that block L-type calcium channels specifically on vasculature, leading to lower extremity edema, flushing, and potential reflex tachycardia.

Non-DHP Calcium Channel Blockers

Antihypertensive agents (e.g., diltiazem, verapamil) that block L-type calcium channels in both the vasculature and the heart at the SA and AV nodes.

Thiazide Diuretics

Antihypertensive medications (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone) that block the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT); causes hypercalcemia alongside hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hypomagnesemia.

Loop Diuretics

Antihypertensive medications (e.g., furosemide, torsomide, bumetanide) that inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle; causes hypocalcemia.

Aldosterone Antagonists

Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, eplerenone) that inhibit aldosterone-mediated stimulation of ENaC and sodium-K-ATPase; spironolactone is notable for causing gynecomastia.

Centrally Acting Antihypertensives

Medications (e.g., clonidine, guanfacine) that act as agonists at alpha-2 receptors to decrease norepinephrine release and sympathetic outflow, causing anticholinergic side effects like dry mouth and constipation.

Alpha-1 Antagonists

Antihypertensive medications (e.g., terazosin, prazosin) that block alpha-1 receptors on the vasculature.

Direct Vasodilators

Antihypertensive medications (e.g., hydralazine, minoxidil) that open potassium channels to cause hyperpolarization in smooth muscle; minoxidil is associated with hypertrichosis.