Animal Nutrition flash cards

What do rumen microbes need to avoid the production of ammonia?

energy and nitrogen in a similar ratio

When ammonia is absorbed into portal vein where does it travel to?

the liver.

What is NH3 converted to in the liver?

urea because NH3 is toxic. It is converted via the urea cycle

Is the urea cycle energy costly?

yes 1 urea= 3 ATP

What are the two fates of urea?

excreted in milk/urine

urea recycles

What is urea recycling?

1. urea arrives at rumen

2. urease breaks down urea into ammonia

3. ammonia is used for microbial protein

Where do amino acids go after being absorbed by the portal vein?

the liver then peripheral circulation 

What are the 3 fates of A.A after arriving at the peripheral circulation?

1. A.A specific functions

2. energy from the TCA cycle only in negative energy balance

3. protein synthesis in mammary gland/muscle

What is A.A balancing?

to much will be excreted. Too little can be limiting

Does nitrogen require energy to be excreted?

yes

How do you ensure A.A can be absorbed in the S.I?

can use rumen protected A.A to avoid microbes from degrading the A>A

Why do you use an adaptation period to get animals use to urea?

because it is toxic in high levels

What are the two classifications of vitamins?

fat soluble and h2o soluble

How are fat soluble vitamins stored in the body?

use dietary fat to be absorbed via a micelle formation and blood transport via chylomicrons 

Do fat soluble vitamins function like lipids?

yes because they can be stored in the body for a long time

What are the 7 characteristics of vitamins?

1. Organic components required in small amounts for reactions

2. Can be destoryed by heat ligh or metals

3. Vitamins cannot be synthesized by animal cells

   1. B+K microbes can synthesize

4. vitamins A C E are antioxidants

5. Vitamins from diet must be converted to active form

6. Too much or Too little can be toxic

What is vitamin A important for?

epithelial lining, immune system, and vision

What does vitamin A deficiency cause?

skin problems

Does vitamin A act as an antioxidant?

yes so add during parturition exercise and producing animals

What is vitamin D important for?

bone growth, calcium/phosphorus absorption in the small intestine

What does vitamin D deficiency cause?

osteomalacia, rickets, milk fever

What is vitamin E important for?

antioxidant

What is a common vitamin E deficiency in sheep?

white muscle disease.

What is vitamin K important for?

blood clotting

What is vitamin B1 important for?

conversion of pyruvate to acetate to generate energy 

What is a deficiency sign of B1?

increased blood pyruvate

What is B2 and B3 important for?

formation of energy and redox cofactors for TCA cycle

What is deficiency signs of vitamin B2 and B3?

reduced growth and or paralysis

What is vitamin B5 important for?

component of co-enzyme A

What is a vitamin deficiency sign of vitamin B5?

goose stepping

What is vitamin B6 important for?

A.A metabolism. transamine removes N2 to make a keto acid. W

What is vitamin B6 deficiency signs?

neurological issues because vitamin B6 helps with myelin formation

What is vitamin B8?

biotion important for gluconeaogensis/ fatty acid synthesis

What is deficiency signs of B8?

dermatitis/ alopecia

What is b9?

folic acid works with b12 for AA synthesis.

what is the loss of activity of vitamins and minerals?

if vitamins and minerals are kept together vitamins will decrease activity

What is organic type of mineral?

mineral plus amino acid this prevents degradation

How many minerals are essential?

22

Where are minerals stored?

in the body (liver)

What are the two types of mineral absorption?

active and passive transport

What aids active transport of minerals?

A. A carrier

How does the p.h of the gi track affect absorption?

hcl changes the charges of minerals and can increase absorption

What are macro minerals?

minerals need in conc. > 100 ppm

ex: ca, phos, mg, k

what are trace/micro minerals?

needed in conc. < 100 ppm

ex: fe, selenium, sinc, copper

What ratio is needed for calcium and phosphorus?

2:1 with more calcium

Calcium is important for what?

blood clotting/bone

What is phosphorus important for?

bone formation/ enegy. 

What is forage high in?

calcium

What is grain high in

phosphorus

What is selenium?

essential with a small optimal range. can accumulate in plants

What are signs of selenium toxicity?

sudden death

What are signs of selenium deficicney?

white muscle disease typically in grazing livestock

what are signs of a copper deficiceny?

depigmentation

What are signs of a zinc deficiency?

parakeratosis skin issues

What is vitamin D required for?

calcium absorption in G.I track. W

What happens if there is no vitamin D?

calcium is mobilized from bones W

What does copper toxicity cause in sheep?

liver issuesW