Biology - Deuterostomes General Characteristics

What are the two subphylum’s of deuterostomes?

Echinoderms and Chordates

Characteristics of Suphylum Cephalochordata

They have all four characteristics of chordate features

1. No paired fins

2. Jaws

3. Sense organs

4. Heart, head, or brain

Craniates Clade includes

1. Hagfishes

2. Class Pteromyzantida 

3. Class Chondricnthyes 

4. Class Osteichthyes

5. Class amphibia

6. Class reptilia

7. Modern Birds

8. Class mammalia 

What does craniates clade (vertebrate subphylum) have?

Cranium, vertebral column, neural crest cells

Clade Cranium: Subphylum vertebrae: Hagfishes

Are isotomic with saltwater

They do not have vertebrae, no notochord

Cranium, no jaws

Clade Cranium: Subphylum vertebrae: Class Pteromyzantida

Ex. Lamprey’s or jawless fish

Parasite, oldest living vertebrate lineage

Clade Cranium: Subphylum vertebrae: Class Chondricynthyes

Ex. Sharks/rays/skates, all cartilaginous fish

Cloaca - their “sewer” which is the same opening for reproductive, excretory, and digestive openings

Sexually dimorphic

They sink (not bouyant)

Clade Cranium: Subphylum vertebrae: Class osteichthyes 

Ex. Bony fish, ray finned and lobe finned fish

anterior mouth

more bouyancy 

oviparous 

Modes of reproduction

Oviparous

Ovoviviparous

Viviparous

Oviparous

Laying eggs, yolk provides nourishment

Ovoviviparous 

Eggs incubated in mother, nourishment from yolk

Viviparous

Embryos develop within uterus, nutrients come from mother through the placenta

Modern birds

Clade Paleognaths

Clade Neognaths 

Class Aves 

Clade Paleognaths

Flightless (no keeled sternum for flying), 2 toes

Clade neognaths

Flight (keeled sternum), passerine are the four toes for perching

Class aves

Oviparous 

endothermic

Class Mammalia ancesterally defined characteristics

number of ear bones creates and differs what class you go into

What does class mamalia separate into?

Clade protheria 

Clade theria

What does clade theria separate into?

Metatheria and eutheria

What does clade protheria do?

Ex. platypus

Lay eggs

Clade theria characteristics

live young produced

Metatheria

Ex. kangaroos

They develop in pouch and have multiple stages of development one being in the pouch as it is born so that it is not separated from its mother

Eutheria 

Placental nourishment from mother, as it is born and the developmental delay differs by species

Clade Cranium: Subphylum vertebrae: Class amphibia

Metamorphosis

They are on water and land

What are the three orders of class amphibia?

Urodela (“visible tail”)

Anura (“no tail”)

Apoda (“no feet”)

They all transition to amniotic eggs on land

Clade Cranium: Subphylum vertebrae: class reptilia 

They move onto land fully 

They have shelled egg, three chambered hearts 

Ectotherms

What are the three orders of class reptilia?

Order testudine

Order squamata

Order crocodillia

Order estudine

Ex. turtles

Shell, ribs are fused into the shell (which is a problem)

Order sqaumata

Ex. lizards, snakes 

They molt

Exoskeleton

Order crocodilia

4 chambered heart like us