Chem Test Number 2

What is scientific notation?

A way to express numbers where the coefficient is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10, multiplied by a power of 10.

How do you determine the exponent in scientific notation?

The exponent is the number of spaces the decimal is moved. Positive if the original number is greater than 1, negative if less than 1.

Convert 230 to scientific notation.

2.3 x 10^2

Convert 0.023 to scientific notation.

2.3 x 10^-2

What are significant figures?

Digits in a number that contribute to its precision, including all non-zero digits, zeros between significant digits, and trailing zeros in the decimal portion.

How do you determine significant figures in multiplication and division?

The answer should have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the smallest total significant figures.

How do you determine significant figures in addition and subtraction?

Round the final answer to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

What is the formula for density?

Density (d) is calculated as mass (m) divided by volume (V), d = m/V.

What is the density of water?

1 g/mL

What is the TRAIN TRACK METHOD in conversion problems?

A method that involves starting with the number given and focusing on cancelling units to convert measurements.

Define accuracy in measurements.

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the actual (theoretical) value.

Define precision in measurements.

Precision refers to how close a set of measurements are to one another.

How is percent error calculated?

Percent error is calculated as the absolute value of the difference between the measured value and the actual value, divided by the actual value, multiplied by 100.

What is the significance of the average in determining accuracy?

The average of measurements can be used to assess how close the measurements are to the true value, affecting the accuracy evaluation.

What does a smaller range in measurements indicate?

A smaller range indicates higher precision, as the measurements are closer to each other.

How do you convert 28.3459 grams to ounces?

28.3459 g = 1 oz

How do you convert 1 kilogram to pounds?

1 kg = 2.20 lbs

How do you convert 1 inch to centimeters?

1 in = 2.54 cm

How do you convert 1609.34 meters to miles?

1609.34 m = 1 mi

What is the significance of estimating the final digit in measurements?

Estimating the final digit helps indicate the precision of the measurement.

What is the importance of memorizing required conversions?

Memorizing conversions is essential for accurately converting between different units of measurement.

How do you find the mass of a liquid given its volume and density?

Mass can be calculated using the formula: mass = density x volume.

How do you find the volume of a solid given its mass and density?

Volume can be calculated using the formula: volume = mass / density.

What is the significance of showing work in calculations on tests?

Showing work is important for full credit, as it demonstrates understanding of the process and method used.

What is the correct way to report a measurement from a graduated cylinder?

Read the volume at the bottom of the meniscus and estimate the final digit.

What is the correct way to report temperature from a thermometer?

Read the temperature and estimate the final digit.

Allegory

A story or image that has a hidden symbolic meaning beyond its literal interpretation, often used to teach morals.

Allusion

A literary device where an author makes an indirect reference to a person, place, event, myth, literary work, or historical moment, assuming the audience will understand the connection.

Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines.

Apostrophe

A figure of speech where a writer or speaker directly addresses an inanimate object, an absent person, a deceased person, or an abstract idea as if it could respond.

Asyndeton

The deliberate omission of conjunctions (like 'and,' 'or,' 'but') to create a rapid, concise, and impactful effect.

Polysyndeton

The repeated use of multiple conjunctions in succession to create emphasis, rhythm, or a sense of overwhelming abundance.

Conceit

An elaborate, fanciful metaphor, especially of a strained or far-fetched nature.

Connotation

The emotional or cultural associations and implications of a word.

Denotation

The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word.

Diction

An author's deliberate choice of words and phrases to convey meaning, establish tone, and influence the reader's emotional response and perception of the text.

Didactic

A text intended to instruct, educate, or impart moral lessons, often to the point of being excessively preachy.

Elegy

A poem that serves as a mournful, contemplative, and reflective piece, typically focusing on the death of a specific person or a more generalized meditation on mortality.

Epithet

a descriptive word or phrase that characterizes a person, place, or thing, often used in place of a name or title to add imagery, highlighting a specific trait.

Euphemism

disguising something negative by making it sound more pleasant or acceptable in a word or phrase substituted for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one.

Farce

a comedic genre (play/book) that provokes laughter through highly exaggerated, improbable, and ridiculous situations.

Hyperbole

obvious and intentional exaggeration to create emphasis or dramatic effect.

Idiom

a phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the literal meaning of its words that make it up.

Imagery

the author's use of descriptive language that appeals to the five senses to create vivid mental images and sensations in the reader's mind.

Irony

a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs.

Juxtaposition

the literary technique of placing two or more elements, such as characters, settings, or ideas, side-by-side to emphasize their differences to compare or contrast them.

Metaphor

a figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two unlike things without using 'like' or 'as,' implying that one thing is another.

Mood

the dominant emotion or atmosphere a literary work evokes in the reader.

Metonymy

a figure of speech where a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, rather than by its own name.

Onomatopoeia

a literary device where words phonetically imitate or resemble the sound they describe.

Oxymoron

a figure of speech that combines two contradictory or opposing words to create a unique, surprising, or thought-provoking expression.

Paradox

a statement or concept that appears contradictory or nonsensical at first glance but reveals a deeper truth or meaning upon closer examination.

Parallelism

the rhetorical device of using similar grammatical structures for words, phrases, or clauses to create rhythm, balance, and emphasis.

Parody

a work that humorously imitates the style, content, or literary conventions of another specific, serious work or author.

Pedantic

a character or a stylistic choice that is overly concerned with formal rules, details, or displaying academic knowledge, often to the point of being ostentatious or annoying.

Point-of-view

the narrator's position from which events and characters are related, determining the reader's level of access to internal thoughts, feelings, and observations.

Personification

a figurative language device that attributes human qualities, characteristics, actions, or emotions to non-human entities, such as animals, inanimate objects, or abstract ideas.

Rhetorical question

a question asked solely to produce an effect or to make an assertion of affirmation or denial and not to elicit a reply.

Satire

the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

Simile

a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things using the words 'like' or 'as,' creating a vivid image or conveying a complex idea by linking it to something familiar.

Stream of consciousness

a narrative technique that presents a character's continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations as they happen, attempting to replicate the unfiltered, often fragmented, and non-linear way the human mind works.

Symbol

a person, object, action, or concept that represents a deeper, abstract meaning beyond its literal interpretation.

Synecdoche

a figure of speech where a part of something is used to represent the whole, or the whole is used to represent a part.

Tone

the narrator's, author's, or speaker's attitude toward a subject, audience, or character, conveyed through word choice (diction), sentence structure (syntax), figurative language, and details included or omitted.

Understatement

a figure of speech that intentionally minimizes the significance of something, presenting it as less important or less intense than it truly is.