animal diversity

who founded the idea of kingdoms?

Carolus Linnaeus-father of classification

-animals, plants and minerals

who developed the idea of kingdoms?

John Hogg & Ernst Haeckel:

-protists (Hogg proposed a third kingdom) (Haeckel published 3 kingdom classification on life) (protist + plantae, animalia)

-eukaryotic microorganisms

-removed minerals

Robert Whittaker

-bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals

Carl woese

-rRNA analysis

-3 domains, bacteria, archaea, eukarya

what can classification systems be based on?

-morphology

-nucleic acids

-biogeography

what is an eponym?

naming species/ anything after a person, often in colonised countries, European names replaced the indigenous ones as the “official name”

what are the characteristics of animals?

• >10 million

• multicellular

• large- bigger than protozoa

• heterotrophic

• motile (part/ all post-embryonic)

• polarisation along anterior-posterior locomotory

• epithelial cells

• Ach/ cholinesterase system

• monophyletic clade

how are animal phyla created?

based on morphology and molecular characteristics

what are the major groups of animal phyla? how many monophyletic phyla?

-Porifera

-Ctenophores

-Placozoans

-Cnidarians

-Bilaterians

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what are the characteristics of Porifera?

n~8,500

loosely organised

no true organs

no specialised cell layers

spicules-hard body elements

choanocytes- specialised feeding cells

what are the characteristics of Placozoans?

-n~25

-no mouth

-no gut

-diploblastic

-contractile fibre cell in the middle

-not well studied

what are the characteristics of Ctenophores?

-n~200

-radial symmetry

-diploblastic (embryo is ectoderm & endoderm)

-mesoglea-ECM (muscle bundles and nerve fibres)

-complete gut

-8 Ctenes (cilia)

what are the characteristics of Cniderians?

-n~10,000

-Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

-gastrovascular activity

-typically sessile (polyp) & motile (Medusa) life stages

-nematocycts (a specialized cell in the tentacles of a jellyfish or other coelenterate, containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread)

what are the characteristics of Bilaterians?

-Bilateral symmetry

-triploblastic

-two major groups: protostomes- mouth first-blastopore-mouth

deuterostome- mouth second-blasopore-anal opening

which of these are protostomes, which are deuterostomes? Flatworms, Annelids, Mollusks, Nematodes, Arthropods, chordata

protostomes: Flatworms
• Annelids
• Mollusks
• Nematodes
• Arthropods

chordata- deuterostomes

what are the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminths (flatworms)?

-structurally diverse

-can b free living or parasitic

-most of the 30,000 spp r tapeworms (in vertebrates)

-mostly gut endoparasites

-lophotrochozoan (super phylum)

-Taenia asiatica (Asian tape worm from undercook pork)

-Schistosoma Spp (a genus of fatworms, in tropics, cause schistosomiasis (snail fever))

what are the characteristics of the phylum Annelids?

-segmented worm-like bodies

-separate ganglia for each segment

-thin permeable body (gas exchange)

-Lophotrochozoan

what are the characteristics of the phylum Mollusks?

-most diverse Lophotrochozoan

-large foot

-main organs in visceral mass

-mantle covers the visceral mass

-Octopus sspp

squid, slugs, snails, muscles, oysters

50,000 to 200,000spp

what are the characteristics of the phylum Nematodes (roundworms)?

-unsegmented

-thick, multilayered cuticle (gas exchange-also with the gut)

-many are predators and parasites

-Ecdysozoan group of protosomes

-caenohabditis elegans , ascaris lumbricoides

-millions of spp

what are the characteristics of the phylum Arthropods?

-ecdysozoans

-1-10million sspp

-segmented bodies

-exoskeleton (chitin-waterproof)

-muscles on inside

-jointed & specialised appendages

what are the characteristics of the phylum Chordata?

• in development: dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail that extends beyond anus, a dorsal supporting rod (notochord- the replaced by supporting structure)

• incl. lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates

• approx. 70,000 spp

what are the uses for plants

food, clothing, rubber, biofuel, feeding cattle, medication, building materials

what are some properties of plants

powerful, strong, smart, deadly

what makes plants interesting

they stay in the same place, and have to deal with if temperatures are extreme, too light/too dark, have to find a way of mating, avoiding predators

plants have indeterminate growth!!

what is the evolutionary history of plants

what makes plant scientists useful

green bioeconomy, healthier foods, environmental sustainability, food security

how much does food production need to increase to meet the demand of a growing population (expected to be 9.7 billion by 2050)

60%-110%

what did Norman Borlaug develop (in part of the green revolution)

dwarf wheat (saved billions of lives via doubling food yields in India & Pakistan 1965-1970)

how can food security be improved via improving yields?

conventional breeding- select for yield

improve agronomy (soil management)

GM- select for traits that increase yield

what fraction of food produced is wasted?

1/3 to 1/2

how can crops be adapted to cope with climate change?

-drought-resistnace

-flood-resistance

-salt-resistance

what percentage of global crop yields are lost to plant pests and disease?

40%

what 4 things affect food security?

-productivity of crops

-food waste

-climate change

-pests & disease (studied in plant pathology & epidemiology)

what is an example of GM food to improve nutrition?

golden rice- high levels of (B)-carotene (improves levels of vitamin |A- ~750,000 children go blind every year)

what are some of the problems environmental sustainability aims to solve?

use of fossil fuels

eutrophication- the accumulation of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems, leading to excessive growth of algae -decreases O2 levels

Damage to biodiversity

phosphate reserves running out

since 1970, how much has the abundance of 753 UK species fallen?

19%

what is an alternative to fossil fuels?

-biofuels-algae

what bioproducts can plants be used to produce (which are then purified)

vaccines & pharmaceuticals

what are some impressive adaptations of plants?

-same species plants can differ morphologically due to different environments

-plasticity- plant cell can undifferentiate the re-differentiate (so regenerate a whole plant from any piece of tissue

this is used in tissue culturing-micropropagation

how did plants evolve? (give the 4 stages from green algae)

-liverworts

-hornworts

-mosses

water conducting (vascular) tissue developed

-ferns (Pterophytes)

seeds developed

-cone-bearing plants (gymnosperms)

flowers developed, seeds enclosed in fruit

-flowering plants (angiosperms)

are algae plants?

no, not TRUE plants

which of the plant phyla are non-vascular?

mosses, hornworts (Dendroceros crispus), liverworts (e.g. marchantia polymorpha)

what plant phyla have seeds?

Gymnosperms, angiosperms

how many species of gymnosperms are there?

~800 species

e.g. conifers, ginko tree, cycads

how many species of angiosperms are there?

~370,000 species

massive variety in morphology

what phyla of plants are either monocots or dicots? what is a monocot & dicot?

angiosperms

cotyledon- a leaf like structure formed in the embryo

monocot- one cotyledon

dicot- two cotyledons

what are some examples of monocots?

-grasses, palms, orchids

all major crops

species diversity of >20,000

usually cereal crops

what do dicots usually look like?

broad-leafed plants

what adaptations are used for the 2 types of pollination?

wind pollination- often in monocots, large quantities of pollen

animal pollination-often insects, bright coloured structures, nectar