Skeletal yay

True ribs

7 pairs of ribs attached directly to the sternum with a hyaline cartilage bar

False ribs

3 pairs of ribs attached to the sternum through a hyaline cartilage bridge

Floating ribs

2 pairs of ribs not attached to the sternum or cartilage bridge, protecting the kidneys

Cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae in the neck region, labeled C1 to C7

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae in the upper back region, labeled T1 to T12

Lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae in the lower back region, labeled L1 to L5

Sacral vertebrae

5 fused vertebrae below the lumbar region, labeled S1 to S5

Coccyx

The tailbone, located below the sacral vertebrae

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra (C1) that holds the head

Axis

The second cervical vertebra (C2) that allows rotation of the atlas

Sternum

Flat bone protecting the heart, consisting of the manubrium, body (corpus sternum), and xiphoid process

Clavicle

Collar bone

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Humerus

Upper arm bone, consisting of the head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular (bicipital) groove, deltoid tuberosity, medial and lateral epicondyle

Simple fracture

Complete break between the bones

Compound fracture

Complete break with the end of the bone tearing through the tissue

Comminuted fracture

Complete break where the bone is in pieces (car crash/ gun wound)

Impact fracture

Fracture caused by the collision of two bones at a joint area (usually shoulder/hip)

Spiral fracture

Vertical break caused by twisting and snapping of the bone

Greenstick fracture

Hairline crack in the bone

Open reduction

ORIF, Surgical realignment of bones using screws, rods, or plates

Closed reduction

CRIF, Non-surgical realignment of bones by manually pushing or pulling the limb back into place

Hematoma

Blood clot that forms around the ends of broken bones during the healing process (bones are vascular and bleed, clotting process takes over and forms bump)

Fibrocartilage callus formation

Bridging of the break with fibrous cartilage that initiates the ossification process

Ossification

Conversion of cartilage to bone

Axial Skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum

Appendicular Skeleton (Arm)

Clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Appendicular Skeleton (Leg)

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, patella, and pelvis

Synarthrosis Joint

Immovable joints that separate the bones of the skull

Synovial Joint

Joints with a synovial capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid (freely movable)

Pivot Joint

Freely movable joint that allows rotary movement around a single axis, such as the atlas and axis vertebrae

Ball and Socket Joint

Synovial joint where a ball-shaped surface fits into a cup-like depression of another bone

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body

Flexion

Bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two body parts

Hinge Joint

Joint that allows bones to move back and forth in one direction, similar to a hinge on a door

Plane/Gliding Joint

Joint formed between two bones with flat or nearly flat articular surfaces, enabling sliding movement

Saddle Joint

Synovial joint with reciprocally concave and convex surfaces

Concave

Hollow or rounded inward, like a bowl

Convex

Rounded and slightly elevated surface, like a football

Articulation joints

Wherever two bones meet

Two joint concepts

1. The more stable the joint, the less movement it will have

2. The less stable the joint, the more movement it will have

Capsule of synovial joint

Dense irregular tissue that covers the joint

Synovial membrane

Lining inside the capsule

Manubrium

Top of sternum (handle)

Corpus sternum

Middle of sternum, body (blade)

Xiphoid process

Bottom of sternum (tip)

Supraspinous fossa

Above the spine

Acromion process

Forms the tip of the shoulder

Glenoid cavity

Forms the socket for the ball and socket joint (shoulder)

Infraspinous fossa

Fossa on posterior side, larger than Supraspinous fossa

Subscapular fossa

On anterior side of scapula, allows subscapularis muscle to attach