Skeletal yay

True ribs- attached directly with a hyaline cartilage bar to the sternum, 7 pairs, 14 total

False ribs- attached to hyaline cartilage bridge 8, 9 and 10 ribs, 3 pairs, 6 total

Floating ribs- attached to TI2 but don't come around the front, not attached to bridge, protect kidneys, 11 and 12 ribs, 2 pairs, 4 total

neck, C1 to C7

T vertebrae- upper back, T1 to T12

L vertebrae- lower back, L1 to L5

S vertebrae- below L vertebrae, S1 to S5

Coccyx- below S vertebrae

Atlas- first bone (C1) or vertebrate, holds the head

Axis- Allows the atlas to rotate

Thoracic- 12 bones each with a pair of ribs attached to them

- 5 bones

Sacral Bones- Fused for strength and increased surface area for tendon attachment

Coxal Area- tailbone

Ribs- comprised of 24 bones arranged in pairs

Sternum- like a sword to protect one of the most vital organs HEART, flat which provides a large surface area for the pectoralis muscles to attach

Manubrium- or handle

Body (corpus sternum)- or the

blade

Xiphoid process- tip

of blade

Clavicle- collar bone

Scapula- clavicle and scapula come together to form the shoulder

Spine- “spines” are dorsal

Supraspinous fossa- above the spine

Acromion process- forms the tip of shoulder

Corocoid process-

Glenoid cavity (Fossa)- forms the socket for the ball and socket joint

Infraspinous fossa- to the spine or below the spine

Subscapular Fossa- On anterior side of scapula, allows subscapularis muscle to attach

Humerus Al- Head, forms ball for ball socket joint

Humerus A2- Greater tubercle, big bump of bone

Humerus A3- Lesser tubercle, Smaller bump of bone

Humerus A4- Intertubercular (bicipital bone), bicep tendon runs through

Humerus E- Radial groove, radial nerve runs through

Humerus F. Deltoid Tuberosity- Bump of bone that all 3 deltoid muscles attach to

Humerus G. Medial and lateral epicondyle- epicondyle is a bump that sits on a bump

Simple fracture- Complete break between the bones

Compound fracture- complete break with the end of bone tearing through tissue

Comminuted fracture- complete break where the bone is in pieces, common in car crashes and gun wounds

Impact fracture- when 2 bones are forced to collide at the joint area (usually shoulder and hip)

Spiral fracture- when the bone is twisted and snapped, vertical break

Greenstick fracture- small hairline crack in the bone

Open reduction- ORIF, surgery required to realign bones (screws, rods, plates)

Closed reduction- CRIF, no surgery, limb usually pulled/pushed back into place (hurts more than break)

Hematoma- forms around ends of broken bones (bones are vascular and will bleed, clotting process takes over to heal

Fibrocartilage callus formation- when the break is bridged with a fibrous cartilage and sets up ossification process

Ossification- where cartilage is converted to bone

Axial Skeleton- skull, vertebral column, rib cage & sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton ARM: clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Appendicular Skeleton LEG: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, patella, and Pelvis

Articulation Joints- Wherever 2 bones meet

Synarthrosis Joint- joints that separate the bones of the skull

Synovial Joint parts- capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid

Capsule- dense irregular tissue that covers the joint

Synovial membrane- lining inside of the capsule

Synovial fluid- absorbs and protects the joint from friction and stress

Pivot Joint- a freely movable that only allows rotary movement around a single axis. The atlas pivots on the C2 vertebrae and rotates 180°

Ball and Socket Joint- type of synovial joint where a ball shaped surface fits into a cup-like depression of another bone

Abduction- to take/move away

Aduction- to bring/move close to

Flexion- bending movement that decreases the angle

Extension- movement that increases the angle between two body parts

Hinge Joint- type of joint that works like a hinge on a door. Allows bones to move back and forth in one direction

Plane/Gliding Joint- type of joint formed between two bones in which the articular surfaces of the bones are flat or nearly flat, enabling bones to slide over each other. Very stable with lots of connective tissue

Saddle Joint- type of synovial joint where the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex

Concave- hollow/rounded inward, like a bowl

Convex- has a rounded, slightly elevated surface, like a football