History Scientific Revolution

Machiavelli

wrote The Prince

believed: if a leader can not be both loved and feared, it is better to be feared

-leaders should focus on gaining power

-it is acceptable to strike fear on subjects in order to gain and maintain power

Social Contract

agreement between people to live peacefully, respecting individual rights and laws

-people will give up some of their freedom in exchange for protection and choice of a leader

John Locke

political philosopher

-believed in natural rights from a state of nature: life, health, liberty and possessions

-people have these rights because they are human

-natural rights are undeniable (they are not given by a leader, so they can not be taken away)

-when you mix efforts with nature (farming, domestication) you have tight to ownership of your creation

Natural Rights

undeniable rights everyone has

-equality

-life

liberty

-property

Montesquieu

spirit of laws: explained how government needed to be checked

-2 kinds of governments

-Aristocratic republic

-group of aristocrats (people who are considered better than the rest for having more money) rule over everyone else

-Democratic republic

-people elect representatives —>people have popular sovereignty

-People must be well educated in order to know their interests in what to vote for and know how their contributions affect society

-how peoples tax dollars can be put to infrastructure and community projects

-Influences: limited give (one power cannot become too powerful and abuse authority) —>checks and balances/separation of powers AND rule of law (everyone, even the government must follow the laws or face consequences)

Separation of Powers

dividing government into branches, each with different powers (so one branch or power does not become too powerful and abuse power)

Rousseau

wrote the social contract

-agreement between people to keep peace

Hobbes

wrote Leviathan

-expands on social contracts

Absolutism

one leader has complete power over country’s government

Catholic Church/Copernicus/Galileo

Copernicus and Galileo proved Aristotle wrong about space, going against Catholic Church

Scientific Revolution

series of events that was emergence of modern science

Enlightenment

1685-1815

science>faith

Secularism

separation between state/religion

Heliocentric

idea that earth revolves around the sun

Geocentric

idea that sun revolved around the earth

Copernicus

found that earth revolves around the sun

Galileo

created telescope for merchants/created scientific method

Scientific Method

establishing facts through experimentation

Descartes

created connection between geometry/algebra

Newton

learned about gravity/created 3 laws of motion

Military

cannons created with science evolution

Economics

end of mercantilism boosted economy

Mercantilism

economic nationalism, like feudalism in a way

Adam Smith

father of modern economics

Social Structure

more education for all

Women’s Rights

more educated to raise good children

Abolition

abolitionists/scientists claimed slavery stood in way of scientific progress