Ch.6+7; Skeletal Tissue + Axial Skeleton

now complete with the harder quizziz questions!

Bone Functions:

• support

• hard framework

• hematopoiesis

• mineral storage (i.e: calcium)

• energy metabolism (osteoblasts secrete osteocytes that influence blood sugar levels)

Spongy vs Compact Bone

5 major differences in total

What are the ends of the long bone called? What about the middle part?

Proxiamal/Distal Epiphyses and Diaphysis

What does the medullary cavity hold, and what do they do?

Yellow: lies in dormant and only produces RBC in emergency
Red: hematopoiesis

Compare the structure of the three kinds of cartilage

Hyaline: smooth and glassy appearance

Fibrocartilage: large bundles of cartilage that run linearly

Elastic: dense-network of elastic fibers, with dark-stained matrix

Compare the functions of the three kinds of cartilage

Hyaline: supports/reinforces structures + resists compression

Fibrocartilage: absorbs shock

Elastic: recoils

Compare the locations of three kinds of cartilages

Hyaline: nose and trachea
Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis

Elastic: external ear and epiglottis

Bone Tissue Function:

• bone support/protection

• levers for muscles to act on

• stores calcium/minerals/fat inside marrow inside for hematopoiesis

Surfaces that form joints: Head

bony extension carried on a narrow neck

Surfaces that form joints: Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Surfaces that form joints: Condyles

rounded articular projection, usually articulaes with corresponding fossa

Depressions/Openings: Foramen

round/oval opening through a bone

Depressions/Openings: Notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

Depressions/Openings: Meatus

Canal-like passageway

Depressions/Openings: Sinus

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Facial Bones:

Unpaired: Mandible, Vomer
Paired: Maxillae, Lacrimal, Nasal, Inferior Nasal Conchae, Zygomatic process, palatine 

Cranial Bones:

Unpaired: Frontal, Occipital
Paired: Parietal, Temporal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

Describe the bony boundaries of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses

The nasal cavity is bordered by the frontal, nasal, lacrimal, maxilla, sphenoid and palatine bone. The paranasal sinuses are found inside the frontal and sphenoid bone.

General Structure of the Vertebrae

The vertebrate is composed of 26 total bones in an adult.
Invertebrate discs act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae.

C1-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, Sacrum and Coccyx 

Typical Vertebrae:

• spinous process

• vertebral arch

• superior articular process and facet

• inferior articular process and facet

• body

• intervertebral foramen

• transverse process

C1 - Atlas

• ring shaped

• no body

• smallest 

• nods “yes”

C2 -Axis

• dens to fit into atlas 

• shakes head “no”

C3-C6

• all Cranial Vertebrae have transverse foramen 

• bifid spinous process

• body 

C7 - prominens vertebrae

• no bifid process

• large spinous process 

• largest body out of all C

T1-T12:

• spinous process points inferior

• articulates with the rib 

L1-L5

• largest body

• hatchet shaped spinous process

• thin and tapered process

Sacrum and Coccyx

• attaches to the pelvis 

• last part of the vertebral column

• previously 5 bones e/ before adulthood

Sternum 

• manubrium connects to the ribs

• body

• xiphoid process

• jugular notch

• clavicular notch

True Vs False Ribs

Trues (1-7): attach directly to the sternum w costal cartilage

False Ribs (8-12): connect indirectly to sternum

Floating ribs (11-12): don’t connect to sternum at all to protect kidneys/flexibility to trunk

Q. What bone is this?

temporal

Q. Above is the mandible. What other bone fits the same category?

Nasal Bone

What is the arrow pointing to?

Manubrium

Q. What structure is highlighted?

Ethmoid bone

Q. What’s the highlighted portion called?

Foramen Magnum

Q. What suture is this?

Squamous 

Q. What’s the arrow pointing to?

• sella turcica

• sphenoid bone

• cranial bone

Q. What’s it pointing to?

Ethmoid Bone + Middle Nasal Concha

Hyoid Bone

• doesn’t articulate with ANYTHING

• functions: breathing, swallowing, speaking

Sacrum (ID 5)

• ala, sacral promontory, anterior sacral foramina, auricular surface (lateral), posterior sacral foramina 

Name all the sutures needed for class! (Hint: there’s 5)

Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoid, Squamous, Occipitomastoid

Q. Osteoporosis can’t be treated by..

Bone graft surgeries

Q. Elastic cartilage can be found in…

the external ear

Q. What’s FALSE about the spongy bone?

it’s avascular

Q. What term is not related to the sternum?

auricular surface

Q. Which of these is NOT part of the Sphenoid process?

Crista Galli

Q. What is the ligamentum flavum?

The ligament that connects adjacent ligaments running in the vertebrae

Q. What do the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments do?

They limit spinal extension and reinforce intervertebral discs. 

What’s the outside arrow pointing to? What about the inner arrow?

Annulus Fibrosus, Nucleus Pulposus