Inglese III - Lingue e Mercati Practice Flashcards

Educational vocabulary cards based on the provided lecture transcript for English III, focusing on translation theory, linguistic analysis, and specialized translation strategies.

Specialized translator's primary objective

Integral reproduction of the original's information and adaptation to target language and culture norms.

Familiarizing approach (familiarizzante)

The text is viewed as a means to transmit information.

Equivalent translation between two texts

Translation of one into the other within a specific sociocultural system.

Skopostheorie translation characteristic

The translation can have a different communicative functionality.

Number of fundamental translation approaches (Taylor)

$$3$$

Nord's classification of pragmatic, cultural, and linguistic issues

Translation problems

Author of the "Mediator Principle"

Sager

Source-oriented translation

Aims for formal equivalence.

Number of Malone's translation strategies

$$9$$

Amplification (Malone)

A translation strategy involving the addition of elements not present in the source text.

Lingue speciali (Special languages)

Italian term for specialized varieties within a language.

Sobrero's division of language

Specialized languages versus sectoral languages.

Discursive community

People capable of understanding or sharing the same referential structure and values.

Nominalization

The habit of using nouns instead of verbs.

Monoreferentiality

The fundamental characteristic of special languages.

Scannerizzare (translation origin)

A calque (calco).

Berruto's characteristics of special languages

$$3$$

Horizontal dimension (special languages)

The stratification of special languages based on the subject/topic.

Axiomatization (De Mauro)

Reducing the set of statements to a small number of statements.

Portaleone's taxonomy identified types of text

$$3$$

Modes of reading (modi di lettura) axis

The vertical dimension axis.

Number of reading modes identified by Matricciani

$$3$$

Speech Acts (Atti linguistici)

Messages aimed at specific purposes organizing a discourse.

Commissive acts (Atti commissivi)

Acts such as promising, explaining, or guaranteeing.

Instruction manual typical function

Conative

Determinants of register variation

Field, tenor, and mode.

Expository text classification

A text where ideas and concepts are organized objectively.

Expressive text (Jakobson)

A text where the communicative emphasis is on the sender.

Text types versus text genres focus

Emphasis is on the use of the language.

Co-occurrence of text organization and rhetorical strategies

A characteristic of the text genre.

Trimble's stratification basis

The relationship between sender and receiver.

Number of Pinchuck's discourse types

$$3$$

Hoffmann's parameters (maximum, very high, high)

Degrees of cognitive abstraction.

Neutral language (Lingua neutra)

A variety not marked on any dimension of variation.

New characteristic of special languages

Pragmatic-functional

Knowledge condition

The sender having more in-depth knowledge of the subject than the receiver.

Banca dati (Data bank) creation process

Juxtaposition

Requirements of Clarity

Transparency, accessibility, and rapid decoding.

Grammatical intricacy (intricatezza grammaticale) author

Halliday

Principles followed by technical text editors

$$6$$

Treatises and study manuals

Moderately binding (mediamente vincolanti) texts.

Introduction section contents

Exposition of the "theory" or the "problem".

Number of blocks in Western specialized text tradition

$$3$$

Conceptual paragraph (Trimble)

Semantic unit intermediate between a statement and a text.

Physical paragraph (paragrafo fisico) indicator

The period (il punto) or indent.

Trimble's "direct or indirect" characteristics

Instruction

Rhetorical techniques (Trimble)

Semantic markers indicating paragraph development via connectives.

Textuality (testualità)

Traits qualifying a text as a semantic and pragmatic unit.

Textual coherence (coerenza testuale)

The logical connection of sentences within a context of interpretation.

Co-reference in specialized texts

Most commonly expressed through lexical repetition.

Preferred verb forms for binding Italian texts

Present indicative forms

Phrasal adverb function

Expresses the speaker's judgment.

Nominalization transformation

Transforming a verbal phrase into a nominal phrase.

Nominal style consequence

Lexical density

Paratactic discourse trend

Manifested in the simplification of sentence structure.

Motives for passive and impersonal forms

To thematicize, depersonalize, and objectify.

Standardized procedure illustration

Uses of the passive voice.

Most used tense in English specialized communication

Present Simple

Number of modalities considered by Palmer

$$3$$

English modal verbs "would" and "may" purpose

To express a critical but non-aggressive viewpoint.

Most studied component of special languages

The lexical aspect.

Technical terms percentage in specialized texts

$$5\% - 10\%$$

Technical term definition (unit)

A denotative lexical unit.

Collocations (specialized)

Stereotypical expressions or specialized phraseologies.

Onomasiological approach

Characterizes terminological science.

Semantic univocity implication

Repetition

Lexical transfer (Dardano)

Semantic extension of a term from one scientific/technological sector to an emerging one.

Composition: Noun+Adjective

Drug-resistant

Calque (Calco omonimico)

A term undergoing a process of naturalization in the target language.

Electronic cloud (nube elettronica) in chemistry

Metaphorization (Metaforizzazione)

Componential analysis

Breaking words down to reach total meaning.

Bob Dylan's "gentle" in "Chimes of Freedom"

Translated as Mite (mild).

Collocations binding property

Lexical

Equivalence principle

The basis for collocations.

Proper names translation criteria

Translated based on their importance.

Dr. Johnson's dictionary publication year

$$1755$$

Homographs (Omografe)

Words with the same form but different pronunciation and meaning.

Numbered lemmas in dictionaries

Polysemic (Polisemici)

Situational context

The reference for a translator dealing with polysemy.

The project was beset by difficulties

Translation of "Il progetto si presentava irto di difficoltà".

Corpus definition

A set of texts.

Homogeneity

An important characteristic of a corpus.

Unicode definition

A text storage system.

Corpus-based linguistics

Corpus used as a method.

Monitor corpus approach

A corpus expanding continuously over time.

Balanced corpora (corpora bilanciati)

Aims to represent a specific type of language at a specific time.

Corpus note (nota di corpus)

The encoding of corpus data.

Popper's falsifiability principle

Refers to a single theory.

Monolingual corpora

Considers only one language.

Sample schema (schema campione)

Essential for a comparable corpus.

Informative text

Type of $99\%$ of specialized translation documents.

Birth year of Translation Studies as a discipline

$$1972$$

Translation Studies interdisciplinary nature

Highlighted by its name.

Specialized translation priority order

Refers to the linguistic component.

Number of didactic approaches to translation

$$3$$

Functional approach

Captures potential meaning from source and transfers it to target.

Reformulation (riformulazione)

The act of translating a text from Language A to Language B.

Descriptive Translation Studies focus

Description

Applied Translation Studies characteristics

Teaching, quality, work tools, ethical and professional tools.

Prescriptive approach

Most indicated approach for specialized translation.