module 4 : Energy and Metabolism Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 06: Energy and Metabolism of the ISSA Certified Personal Trainer material.

Macronutrients

A type of food necessary in large quantities in the diet to support function and energy production (i.e., carbohydrate, protein, and fat).

Metabolism

All of the chemical processes that occur in the body to support life including converting food into energy.

Bioenergetics

The study of how energy is transformed in living organisms.

Cells

The building blocks of all living organisms that perform all functions of life.

Organelles

Tiny structures within cells, each with a unique function.

Plasma Membrane

The cellular membrane made of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm

The viscous fluid inside a living cell excluding the nucleus.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The dual layer of lipids that make up the cell membrane of most human cells.

Fatty Acids

The smaller, absorbable building blocks of the fat that is found in the body.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Self-replicating genetic material in human cells.

Gluconeogenesis

The generation of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Mitosis

Cell division that results in two cells identical to the original cell.

Ribosomes

Small cellular organelles involved in polypeptide and protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of tubules attached to the nuclear membrane in cells.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached.

Glycogen

The stored form of glucose found in muscle tissue and the liver.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle of folded membranes responsible for packaging and transporting membrane-bound proteins.

Glycoproteins

A class of proteins with a carbohydrate group(s) attached.

Lysosomes

An organelle filled with digestive enzymes that breaks down materials the cell has absorbed.

Mitochondria

An organelle with a double membrane and many folds inside responsible for generating the chemical energy needed for biochemical reactions.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The energy-producing process that occurs in mitochondria in the presence of oxygen.

Glucose

A simple sugar the body uses for energy production on the cellular level.

Triglycerides

A chemical compound formed when three fatty acids combine with glycerol; the most abundant fat in the body.

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

A method of determining the fuel mix being used; a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy.

Indirect Calorimetry

A way to measure energy expenditure by oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

An energy-carrying molecule used to fuel body processes.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

An organic compound essential to the flow of energy in living cells.

Energy Pathways

The chemical-reaction pathways that supply the body with energy on a cellular level.

Anaerobic

Without or not requiring oxygen.

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

A high energy molecule stored in skeletal muscle, the myocardium, and the brain.

ATP/CP Energy Pathway

The anaerobic energy system that provides rapid energy using creatine phosphate to generate ATP.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

The anaerobic energy system converting glucose to lactate when oxygen is limited.

Lactic Acid

The chemical by-product of anaerobic glycolysis.

Anaerobic Threshold

The point at which the body switches from aerobic metabolism to primarily anaerobic metabolism.

Lactate Threshold

The maximum effort or intensity an individual can maintain for an extended time with minimal effect on blood lactate levels.

Lactic Acidosis

The accumulation of excess $\text{H}^+$ causing muscle fatigue and soreness.

Aerobic Energy Pathways

Cellular energy pathways that require oxygen for energy production.

Aerobic Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose to ATP in the presence of oxygen.

Oxidation

The chemical reaction of combining with oxygen or removing hydrogen.

Oxidative Energy Pathway

An aerobic energy pathway using primarily fat and carbohydrates to produce energy.

Pyruvate

A metabolic intermediate molecule in several energy pathways.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and hydrogen ions across the membrane to generate ATP from ADP.

Krebs Cycle

A series of chemical reactions inside the mitochondria that use acetyl-CoA to generate ATP and other substrates that contribute to the electron transport chain.

Hypoglycemia

The condition of lower-than-normal blood glucose.

Steady-State Exercise

Exercise that maintains a steady level of exertion from start to finish.

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

The amount of oxygen required to restore normal metabolic status.

Calories (Cal)

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{kilogram}$ of water by $1^\circ\text{C}$ ($4,184\,\text{joules}$) at a pressure of $1\,\text{atmosphere}$.

Energy Balance

The state achieved when energy intake is equal to energy expenditure.

Positive Energy Balance

More energy is consumed than expended.

Negative Energy Balance

More energy is expended than consumed.

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

The accumulated calorie burn made up of resting metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, physical activity, and physical growth.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The energy expenditure of metabolic and physical processes when the body is at rest.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

The energy expenditure associated with food digestion and absorption.

Daily Calorie Expenditure (DCE)

The total number of calories an individual expends including their resting metabolic rate, activity level factor, and the thermic effect of food.

Activity Level Factor (ALF)

Multipliers that reflect varying levels of activity.

Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

The thermic effect of macronutrient digestion and absorption.

Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (EAT)

Energy expended as a result of planned, structured, and repetitive movement with the goal of improving or maintaining physical fitness.

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)

Energy expended as a result of any movements of the body that require energy, including all activities of daily living outside of planned and structured workouts.

Weight Management

The physiological processes and techniques one uses to achieve or maintain a specific body weight.

Somatotype

Categories of physical body type.

Ectomorph

Body type described as long and lean with little bodyfat and little muscle mass, with narrow shoulders and hips.

Endomorph

Body type described as having a thicker, rounder build with lots of bodyfat and lots of muscle mass, with large upper arms and thighs.

Mesomorph

Body type described as having an athletic, muscular build with broad shoulders and a healthy body weight.