Human Geo Sessions 2.1-2.2

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Political Geography

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63 Terms

1

Political Geography

The study of human political organization of the earth at various geographic levels- supranational, national, regional, local

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2

State

An organized and institutionalized political unit with a permanent population with established government that controls its internal and foreign affairs. Owns a monopoly on violence.

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3

Sovereignty

Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states and the ability to conduct its own foreign policy and has international recognition.

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4

Monopoly On Violence

the concept that the state alone has the right to use or authorize the use of physical force

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5

Countries

often synonymous with state, are the fundamental unit of Political Geography.

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6

Centripetal Forces

Factors that hold together the social and political fabric of the state. Can include national/ethnic unity, political harmony, religious unity, etc.

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7

Nation

a group that desires self-government, often through the formation of an independent state.

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8

Ethno-Nationalism

forms of nationalism that regard ethnicity and ethnic ties as core components of conceptions and experiences of the “nation”.

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9

National Identity

defined by a sense of belonging to a nation and belief in its political aspirations, beliefs in a unique political destiny

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10

Nation State

a geographic ideal…they have a homogenous population with similar identities and political goals and often resistant to diversification. includes Japan, Norway, Germany

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11

Multi-Nation State

the geographic norm; they have a diverse population that may lead to internal issues and concerns over ethnic and political unity. includes UK, India, Nigeria

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12

Multi-State Nation

Occurs when a nation of people lives in more than one state as a majority or a minority. includes Arabs, Germans, Russians

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13

Stateless Nation

Occurs when a nation of people does not have a state of their own. Includes Palestinians, Kurds, Rohingya

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14

Ecumene

Areas of great population concentration and density (where people live) and economic activity located in geopolitically strategic locations (near waterways) and connected with effective infrastructure.

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15

Empty Areas

Areas devoid of a concentrated population (sometimes referred to as frontier regions) and may have limited prospect of human settlement.

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16

Historic Core

Area where states originate, i.e. birthplace of dominant culture, national/religious identity and/or creates sense of “homeland” when tied to the physical environment.

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17

Periphery/Borderlands

Area typically where the most ethnic diversity exists and can be less unified than the core

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18

Effective Nat’l Territory

Regions that produce economic output for the country

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19

Territorial Morphology

the relationship between a state’s geometric shape, size, relative location and situation and the political issues facing its people internally and internationally.

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20

Perforated State

State that completely surrounds another state or states…the state that is surrounded “perforates” the other.

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21

Fragmented State

State that geographically exists in several pieces which may include a mainland section and islands or may be an entirely an archipelago

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22

Compact State

State that does not vary greatly in distance from its center point to any point on its boundary

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23

Prorupted State

State that has a piece that protrudes from its core such as a peninsula or panhandle

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24

Elongated State

State that has a huge expanse either N/S or E/W but has a narrow reciprocal.

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25

Microstates

States that are tiny both in size and population and act more or less as a city-state with a one dimensional economy.

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26

Landlocked States

States that geographically have no coastal access to a body of water and is surrounded on all sides by another state or states…some are double landlocked.

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27

Enclave

a state or part of a state surrounded completely by another state.

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28

Exclave

an enclave that is a political extension of another state

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29

Neolithic Revolution

or the Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

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30

City-State

first settlements during the Neolithic Revolution, consisted of town and surrounding countryside. originated in Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent)

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31

Democracies

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives

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32

Republics

representative democracies

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33

Empires

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

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34

Colony

Territory legally tied to a mother country

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35

Reformation

a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches.

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36

30 Years War

the war, often regarded as a series of wars (1618–48), in central Europe, initially involving a conflict between German Protestants and Catholics and later including political rivalries with France, Sweden, and Denmark opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain

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37

Industrial Revolution

the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840.

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38

Mercantilism

States avoided trading with their rivals by establishing colonies that gave them both economic advantage but also polit

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39

Berlin Conference

In 1884 European powers meet in Berlin and divide Africa

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40

Decolonization

the process of colonies breaking with their mother country and becoming independent

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41

Frontiers

Underdeveloped territorial zones where no state exercises complete political control

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42

Definition

The exact location of the boundary is legally described and negotiated

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43

Delimitation

The boundary’s definition is drawn onto a map.

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44

Demarcation

The visible marking of a boundary on the landscape with a fence, line, sign, wall, etc.

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45

Administration

the establishment of government enforcement on the boundary.

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46

Geometric Boundaries

Straight lines that do not relate to any cultural or physical feature…often a line of latitude or longitude…North and South Korea

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47

Physical Boundaries

Based on some natural feature such as a river, mountains, etc.

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48

Cultural Boundaries

Based on changes in cultural landscape (ethnicity, language, religion)... Sudan and South Sudan

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49

Subsequent Boundary

Established after population has established itself

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50

Antecedent Boundary

Boundary given to region before population

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51

Superimposed Boundary

Drawn after a pop. has been settled (Tyranny of the Map)

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52

Relict Boundary

Boundaries that no longer exist but you can still see effects

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53

Incorporation

Territories or colonies integrated and merged with the controlling country and full rights of citizenship

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54

Cession/Purchase

Land transferred from one state to another by voluntary treaty or by sale

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55

Annexation

The forcible acquisition of a state's territory by another state

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56

Amalgamation

the combination of two or more political or administrative entities within a sovereign territory.

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57

Autonomy

ability to self-govern

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58

Devolution

The process of a large multi-nation state breaking apart into smaller more ethnically homogeneous states… this may be peaceful or violent

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59

Centrifugal Force

force that tear apart the social and political fabric of a country, and can cause territorial border change

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60

Ethno-Nationalism

a powerful emotional attachment (raison d’etre) to one’s nation, can be the most dangerous centrifugal force for states that are multi-nation states

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61

Balkanization

When split happens violently

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62

Self-Determination

Strong feelings of being different from the dominant nation in a state leading to the desire for autonomy or separation, secession, and independence

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63

Irredentism

Occurs in multi-state nations when a homeland spills into other state creating a desire for reunification

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