Sociology Exam 3

Machismo

male dominance in the home, men’s roles as protectors and providers for the family

Chain migration

newer arrivals have typically followed the same path as those who came most recently before them, settling in areas where other Latina/os have already settled

Shuttle migration

continually goes back and forth between two places, Puerto Ricans often move back and forth between their homes in Puerto Rico and their jobs/college on the US mainland

revolving door migration

US government swings open and shut on Mexican migration depending on current economic and political conditions

repatriation

returning foreigners to their country of origin either voluntarily or by force

Border Patrol

established by the government in 1924 to prevent illegal immigration

Mexican Repatriation Act

300,000-500,000 Mexican Americans (i.e., US citizens) forced out of US (along with similar numbers of Mexican immigrants) (based on racially profiling “Mexican-looking” people) (repatriation – returning foreigners to their country of origin either voluntarily or by force)

Bracero Program

Mexican farm workers invited to work in US

Operation Wetback

A government program developed in the 1950s to deport illegal immigrants from Mexico

Chicano Power Movement

Latina/os and immigrant rights groups – often led by young people – have organized to challenge discriminatory treatment, restrictive immigration policies and laws, and the value of assimilation and integration

DREAM Act Movement

undocumented youth who were brought to the US as children and have grown up here – have begun pressing for the passage of the DREAM Act, a bill that would provide a path to citizenship for young people like themselves who had little say in their migration to the US

Refugees

migrants who are currently living outside the US but is seeking protective status from the US or another country because they fear persecution in their home country

Asylees

status migrants pursue once they are inside the US

Marielitos

Cuban refugees

Ethnocentrism

tendency to see our own culture as the center of the universe

Pull factors

all the forces that draw people to new locations (economic opportunities, peace, freedom from political persecution

Disenfranchised

denied access to the vote

Sex

defined by physiological differences in bodies; generally divided rigidly into two groups (male/female); biological ambiguity is typically resolved through surgery

Gender

(femininity/masculinity) is what people with female or male bodies are expected (culturally) to be like – how they are expected to think, feel, and behave because they have these different body parts

Patriarchy

systems of dominance by men. In a patriarchal society, men tend to monopolize power and decision making

sexism

the system of beliefs that asserts the superiority of one sex (men) over the other (women) and is used to justify inequalities between women and men

personal sexism

the individual expression of sexist attitudes or behaviors

institutional sexism

group-based unequal treatment that stems from the usual ways of doing things in society (rules, laws, policies, and practices); may or may not be intentional

intersectionality

A theoretical perspective in sociology that stresses the crosscutting, linked nature of inequality and the multiplicity of statuses that all people occupy

gender socialization

girls and boys they learn through their interactions with other people and social institutions which qualities and activities are considered desirable and “normal” for their gender

double-binds

situations in which options are reduced to a very few and all of them expose one to penalty, sanction, or deprivation; “you just can’t win”

objectification

treating people as objects or as less than fully human

fast track

Men’s careers are rarely negatively impacted by their decisions to become fathers; fathers typically benefit from employers’ beliefs that they will be more reliable employees

mommy track

Many women’ careers are impacted by their decisions to become mothers – or employers’ beliefs that they will want to do so; Mothers are often perceived by employers as less reliable and less committed their jobs

glass ceiling

a real but unseen discriminatory policy among companies that limits the upward mobility of women, keeping them out of top management positions, high-profile transfers, and key assignments

glass escalator

men in female-dominated jobs find that it’s hard to “stay put” even if they have no desire to move up in their jobs; men find themselves pushed up into higher positions

pink collar occupations

Occupations that have been predominately been held by women that are typically low in pay and prestige

wage gap

for every dollar a US man earned in 2020, US women earned about 81 cents. Put differently, for every dollar a woman earned, men earned $1.19

Equal Pay Act of 1963

when blatant discrimination against women in the payment of wages was the norm, women called for “equal pay for equal work,” and this was passed by Congress prohibiting this type of discrimination in pay

Equal Rights Amendment

aimed to extend full and equal legal rights to women under the constitution

Male-dominated

the most powerful roles in most sectors of society are held primarily by men

Male-identified

cultural ideas about what is considered good, desirable, or normal are associated with men and masculinity

Male-centered

primary attention in society is on men and what they do

Feminism

the system of beliefs that asserts the equality of all people regardless of sex, race, class, age, and so on; it is also the social movements that support these initiatives

sexual identity

the way people think about themselves as sexual beings

sexual orientation

gender(s) to which a person is sexually attracted

sexual behavior

what do people do sexually

coming out

The act of a nonheterosexual person publicly disclosing his or her sexual identity

heterosexism

system in which heterosexuals/ heterosexuality is valued over gays and lesbians/homosexuality/bisexuality

heteronormativity

heterosexuality is the norm

homophobia

Prejudice directed at lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons

criminalization

defining it as illegal and subject to prosecution

medicalization

defining it as a medical or psychological problem subject to diagnosis and treatment

Gay Liberation Movement

began with the formation of several “homophile” organizations in the 1950s; the movement enjoyed several major successes, including the Supreme Court decision that legalized marriage equality and various state and local protections against discrimination in work and other institutions

Stonewall Rebellion

gay working-class violent response to police raid at the Stonewall Inn in NYC

Don’t Ask/Don’t Tell

instituted in 1993 and resulted in more than 13,000 discharges; a policy that illegalized military officials from discriminating against an individual's sexual orientation who were still in the closet, but it also banned being open about your sexuality if not straight

Defense of Marriage Act

This law disallowed any federal recognition of same-sex marriages whatsoever and also upheld states’ rights to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states, although no state recognized same-sex marriage at the time

Improved wages and reduced poverty in Mexico

The effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) include all of the following EXCEPT...

a. The loss of millions of jobs in Mexico, especially in rural area

b. Led to increases in immigration, especially by Mexican men seeking jobs in the US.

c. The establishment of factories (maquiladoras) along the US-Mexico border

d. Improved wages and reduced poverty in Mexico.

Operation Wetback

_______________ was the real name of a real federal program in the 1950s that led to the deportation of thousands of Mexican citizens AND U.S. citizens of Mexican descent.

a. Operation Round Up

b. Bracero Program

c. Operation Wetback

d. America for Real Americans Act

true

Since the passage of the Jones-Shafroth Act in 1917, Puerto Ricans have been considered US citizens however, they do not have the rights of full American citizenship.

a. true

b. false

True

Like African Americans living in the Jim Crow south, Mexican Americans were routinely disenfranchised (denied the right to vote) for much of the 20th century.

a. True

b. False

Many legal immigrants and U.S.-born Mexican Americans (i.e., U.S. citizens) were intimidated and coerced into moving to Mexico

During the repatriation campaign of the 1930s...

a. Thousands of Puerto Ricans currently living in New York City were sent back to Puerto Rico.

b. Many legal immigrants and U.S.-born Mexican Americans (i.e., U.S. citizens) were intimidated and coerced into moving to Mexico.

c. Immigrants from Guatemala and Honduras were barred from immigrating to the U.S.

d. Mexican laborers were recruited to work in agricultural jobs in the U.S.

Address labor shortages caused by World War II

According to the film, the Bracero Program was started to...

a. Create a cross-cultural exchange and improve relations between the U.S. and Mexico

b. Address labor shortages caused by World War II.

c. Give illegal immigrants from Mexico the opportunity to earn a green card in the U.S.

They couldn't find enough U.S. workers willing to do the work

According to the film, why did U.S. growers want the program to continue even after World War ii ended?

a. They couldn't find enough U.S. workers willing to do the work.

b. Most of the Mexican workers had begun to bring their family members with them to the U.S. and now needed more permanent work.

c. Many of the Mexican workers had become citizens and could now work freely in the U.S.

Male librarians are quickly moved from desk duties and toward the more prestigious position of library director

Which of the following is an example of the "glass escalator" effect?

a. Young men are more likely than women to pursue careers as medical doctors and thus tend to earn more over their lifetimes.

b. Male librarians are quickly moved from desk duties and toward the more prestigious position of library director.

c. Male elementary school teachers are routinely overlooked for promotions despite being just as qualified as their female counterparts.

All of the above

Which of the following are examples of "reproductive rights"?

a. Access to contraceptives and abortion

b. Ability to resist child marriage

c. Ability to control the timing of childbirth

d. Access to maternal health care

e. All of the above

All of the above

Women won the right to vote in the US in 1920. In which country did women win this right even earlier?

a. Sweden

b. Germany

c. Russia

d. Czechoslovakia

e. All of the above

Hunting-and-gathering

The characteristics of ______________ societies challenge the ideological basis of the argument that a man breadwinner and woman caregiver is the traditional or natural gender arrangement.

a. Industrial

b. Hunting-and-gathering

c. Agarian

sex; gender

While ______________ is biological_____________ is socially defined.

a. This question makes no sense because sex and gender are the same thing.

b. gender; sex

c. sex; gender

Reinforce the double-binds women often find themselves in, for instance, by depicting the ideal woman as both sexually experienced (and interested in having sex with men) and innocent and virginal

In her TED Talk, Jean Kilbourne showed how advertisers

a. Increasingly challenge white beauty standards by including models who represent a wide range of skins tones, facial features, and hair textures.

b. Contribute to the growing problem of "reverse sexism" by doing "exactly the same thing" to men as they've always done to women in advertisements.

c. Increasingly portray women as strong-minded, independent professionals who are more focused on their careers than on their relationships with men.

d. Reinforce the double-binds women often find themselves in, for instance, by depicting the ideal woman as both sexually experienced (and interested in having sex with men) and innocent and virginal.

Female executives to "soften" their workplace persona by crying and saying "um" more often

The program "Bully Broads" taught

a. Women who were stuck in entry level positions to move up by being more assertive and articulate at work.

b. Women that the only way to gain respect in the workplace is to act just like men.

c. Male executives to show more emotion on the job so that they do not intimidate their female colleagues.

d. Female executives to "soften" their workplace persona by crying and saying "um" more often.

e. Male workers to stop "bullying" female co-workers and to treat them with more respect.

age; education

Homophobia tends to increase with ___________ and decrease with ____________.

a. socioeconomic status (social class); age

b. education; socioeconomic status (social class)

c. age; education

youth

The pace of cultural change regarding acceptance of the LGBT community in recent years is unprecedented. In the past decade alone, American's attitudes have shifted considerably toward support of gay marriage, with ___________ becoming a driving force in this change.

a. religious groups

b. Corporations

c. youth

d. women

mental illness

Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality as a _______________, which reinforced the stigma attached to members of the LGBT community

a. violation of cultural norms

b. mental illness

c. deviant lifestyle

d. criminal disorder

the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage in all 50 states

The single most important victory for the LGBT community occurred in 2015, when...

a. the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage in all 50 states.

b. the Defense of Marriage Act was reversed.

c. the Matthew Shepard Act was signed into law.

d. Don't Ask, Don't Tell was repealed

It led to a significant increase in the number of gay-straight youth alliances at both the university and high school level

What was one of the outcomes of the killing of Matthew Shepard?

a. It led to violent clashes between gay rights activists and law enforcement and was the catalyst for the Stonewall Rebellion.

b. It led to the passage of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy that aimed to limit any discussion of sexuality in the military.

c. It led to a significant increase in the number of gay-straight youth alliances at both the university and high school level.

true

Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority group in the US today.

a. True

b. False

US government program that encouraged Mexican immigration between 1942 and 1964

The “Bracero Program” was a...

a. program of the US Army Corps of Engineers that aimed to reinforce the wall along the US-Mexico border

b. US government program that encouraged Mexican immigration between 1812 and 1865

c. US government program that encouraged Mexican immigration between 1942 and 1964

mid-1950s US Immigration and Naturalization Service program to find and return all undocumented Mexican aliens

“Operation Wetback” was a...

a. US Immigration and Naturalization Service project to build a wall along the Rio Grande

b. US War Department program to weaponize illegal immigrants

c. mid-1950s US Immigration and Naturalization Service program to find Mexican laborers to work in the rapidly expanding Texas oilfields

d. mid-1950s US Immigration and Naturalization Service program to find and return all undocumented Mexican aliens

asylee

Over the past few years, thousands of children from Central America have crossed the Mexican border into the US. Once in the US, they have asked immigration officials for protective status, explaining that they are afraid that they would be hurt or persecuted if they returned to their home countries. They are possible candidates for what immigration status?

a. Refugee

b. Asylee

revolving door

Which pattern of migration tends to be common among Mexican immigrants?

a. Chain

b. Shuttle

c. Revolving door

managerial positions

Hispanics are heavily under-represented in…

a. blue collar jobs

b. service occupations

c. managerial positions

true

During the repatriation campaign of the 1930s, many legal immigrants and US-born Mexican Americans were forced to move to Mexico.

a. True

b. False

Operation Wetback

Raids on Mexican American homes and places of business, the deportation of US citizens of Mexican descent, and other violations of civil and legal rights that occurred during the 1950s were a direct result of…

a. Operation Wetback

b. the Bracero Program

c. World War II

d. the North American Free Trade Agreement

false

One difference between Mexican Americans in the 20th century and African Americans in the segregated South is that African Americans were disenfranchised and Mexican Americans were not

a. True

b. False

A net decrease in the number of jobs in Mexico

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is probably the mostsignificant source of recent changes to Mexican society. Its effects include…

a. A net increase in the number of jobs in Mexico

b. Increased wages and reduced poverty

c. A net decrease in the number of jobs in Mexico

false

In recent years, a large number of Puerto Ricans have immigrated to the US illegally.

a. True

b. False

DREAMer

Miguel is the son of undocumented immigrants who was brought to the United States from Mexico as a toddler. Like them, he is undocumented but would benefit from a bipartisan bill that was first proposed in 2001 and would create a path for young people like him. Miguel is an example of a(n)…

a. Chicano

b. assimilated American

c. DREAMer

false

In the US, women are considered a minority group because men slightly outnumber them.

a. True

b. False

a lower chance of promotion and decreased earnings for working women who have children

The “mommy track” is...

a. officially sanctioned stroller racing

b. what babies learn to crawl on

c. a competitive advantage that women with children enjoy over men with children

d. a lower chance of promotion and decreased earnings for working women who have children

Intersectionality

Minority women encounter prejudice and discrimination on two fronts (race/ethnicity and gender). Sociologists use the term to describe their experiences with multiple forms of inequality

a. Racism

b. Sexism

c. Intersectionality

Objectification

Advertisers often pose attractive female models next to products they are selling. Most of the time they don’t say anything, but serve only as a prop. This use of women in advertising is an example of…

a. Personal sexism

b. Matriarchy

c. Prejudice

d. Objectification

pink collar

Occupations overwhelmingly filled by women are often called jobs

a. pink tie

b. purple tie

c. pink collar

d. purple collar

Both A and B

Suffragists (first wave feminists) advocated for…

a. The right to vote

b. The right to own property

c. Both A and B

World War II

An event that launched many women into the traditional male workplace was...

a. The Industrial Revolution

b. The move to the service industry

c. The Great Depression

d. World War II

Passed Congress but was not ratified by three-quarters of the state legislatures

The Equal Rights Amendment…

a. Passed in the early 1960s

b. Passed Congress but was not ratified by three-quarters of the state legislatures

c. Passed the state legislatures but not both houses of Congress

d. Was overturned by the Supreme Court

Taking advantage of the glass escalator

Men who achieve faster in traditional female occupations are…

a. Utilizing an oppositional strategy

b. Taking advantage of the backdoor of the liberation movement

c. Taking advantage of women who are burned out in their fields

d. Taking advantage of the glass escalator

Reproductive rights

The right to access maternal health care and to resist child marriage are examples of…

a. Marital rights

b. Reproductive rights

c. Abortion rights

d. Sexual rights

Both A & B

Historically, homosexuality has not only been treated as deviant in the US it has been… \\

a. Criminalized

b. Medicalized

c. Both A & B

false

A person who currently identifies as “straight” is attracted exclusively to members of the opposite sex and will always be.

a. True

b. False

Heteronormativity

Until recently, most official applications for marriage licenses in the US required couples to fill in the name of the “husband” and the “wife.” To this day, many school forms ask parents to list their child’s “mother” and “father.” These are examples of…

a. Prejudice

b. Homophobia

c. Heteronormativity

Coming out about one’s sexual preferences

Which of the following processes is expected of LGBT folks in the US but not of heterosexual folks?

a. Protesting against institutional discrimination

b. Announcing one’s intention to adopt a child

c. Publicly supporting marriage equality

d. Coming out about one’s sexual preferences

Violently resisted their treatment

The Stonewall Rebellion was the first time LGBT people…

a. Openly protested their treatment

b. Violently resisted their treatment

c. Came out as a group

The American Psychiatric Association’s removal of homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses

Which 1973 decision helped reduce the stigma attached to gays and lesbians?

a. The publication of Sappho’s poetry

b. The US Supreme Court’s ruling in Sampson v. Gansevoort

c. The American Psychiatric Association’s removal of homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses

d. Vassar college’s decision to allow the matriculation of homosexual women

The killing of Matthew Shepard

Which crime prompted an increase in the number of youth gay-straight alliances at both the university and high school level?

a. The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma

b. The riots at the Stonewall Inn

c. The killing of Matthew Shepard

d. The military’s Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy