SBI3U - First genetics quiz

FERTILIZATION

process in which a sperm cell and egg cell combine to form a diploid zygote

ZYGOTE

a fertilized egg cell containing a full set of chromosomes (diploid)

GAMETE

a haploid sex cell such as sperm or egg that contains half the number of chromosomes

GONADS

organs that produce gametes — testes in males and ovaries in females

INCUBATION AND BIRTH

stage where embryo develops into fetus and eventually newborn through mitosis and cell differentiation

GROWTH

increase in size through mitosis of somatic body cells

SOMATIC CELL

any non-sex body cell that is diploid

REPRODUCTIVE AGE

stage of life when organism is capable of producing gametes through meiosis

STEM CELL

undifferentiated cell that can become specialized

PLURIPOTENT

ability of a stem cell to differentiate into any type of body cell

CELL CYCLE

ordered sequence of cell growth DNA replication and division consisting of interphase and mitosis

INTERPHASE

longest part of cell cycle where cell grows replicates DNA and prepares for division

G1 PHASE

first growth phase of interphase where cell increases in size and makes proteins

S PHASE

DNA synthesis phase where DNA and chromosomes are replicated

G2 PHASE

second growth phase of interphase where cell prepares for mitosis

MITOSIS

process of nuclear division forming two identical diploid daughter cells

PROPHASE

first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense spindle fibers form and nuclear membrane breaks down

METAPHASE

stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the cell equator

ANAPHASE

stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

TELOPHASE

stage of mitosis where nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes uncoil

CYTOKINESIS

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two daughter cells

CANCER

disease caused by uncontrolled cell division due to mutations

MUTATION

permanent change in DNA that can lead to abnormal cell behavior

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid that stores genetic information and makes up chromosomes

NUCLEOTIDE

basic unit of DNA made of sugar phosphate and nitrogenous base

P.A. LEVINE

scientist who discovered DNA is made of nucleotides

ERWIN CHARGAFF

scientist who discovered that adenine equals thymine and guanine equals cytosine

HERSHEY AND CHASE

scientists who proved DNA not protein is the genetic material using viruses

ROSALIND FRANKLIN

scientist who produced x-ray images revealing DNA’s helical structure

WATSON AND CRICK

scientists who built the first correct model of DNA’s double helix

DOUBLE HELIX

twisted ladder shape of DNA

COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING

rule that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine

ADENINE

nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine in DNA

THYMINE

nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine in DNA

CYTOSINE

nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine in DNA

GUANINE

nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine in DNA

GENE

segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

RNA

ribonucleic acid involved in protein synthesis

mRNA

messenger RNA that carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation

rRNA

ribosomal RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

TRANSCRIPTION

process of making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus

TRANSLATION

process of building a protein from mRNA at the ribosome

CODON

sequence of three mRNA bases that codes for one amino acid

START CODON

AUG which signals the beginning of translation and codes for methionine

STOP CODON

UAA UAG or UGA codons that signal the end of protein synthesis

AMINO ACID

building block of proteins coded for by mRNA codons

POLYPEPTIDE

chain of amino acids that folds to become a protein

PROTEIN

large molecule made of polypeptide chains that performs cellular functions