Athletic Injuries (Skin Conditions & Common Illnesses)

From athletic injury cheat-cheat

abrasion etiology/causes/mechanism of injury

caused by friction or rubbing resulting in superficial/epidermis layer of skin; tight clothing, repeated pressure.

second degree abrasion involved epidermis and dermis

Narcan purpose

Naloxone (Narcan) is a medication that temporarily reverses the effects of an opioid overdose. Naloxone is effective for reversal of all opioid overdoses, including those from illicit drugs such as heroin or prescriptions such as oxycodone. Naloxone can be injected or used as a nasal spray. While all of the other incidents are potentially life-threatening and require immediate care, naloxone (Narcan) would not be part of the critical incident response.

hypoglycemia is when

target=80 to 130mg.dL before meals
<180mg/dL 2hrs after a meal

Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood sugar level less than 70 mg/dL. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include shaking, cold sweats, blurry vision, headache, hunger, irritability, and weakness. Most patients with diabetes will be able to recognize the initial symptoms and will know they need to address the issue immediately. If untreated, this can lead to seizures, unconsciousness, or coma. Treatment typically consists of 4 ounces of juice or soda, 5 or 6 hard candies, or about a tablespoon of sugar and then waiting 15 minutes to see if the blood sugar rises. If it does not, additional help may be needed. Once the blood sugar is in the normal range, a healthy snack should be eaten to help sustain the blood sugar level. It is important not to over-treat a hypoglycemic reaction with too much sugar, because this can cause additional issues if the blood sugar is too high.

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is a common side effect of insulin because blood glucose stability is dependent on so many different factors. These factors include insulin dosage, timing and composition of meals, exercise level, and more. Signs of a hypoglycemic reaction include shaking, sweating, and hunger. Later signs can include confusion, fatigue, appearing intoxicated, and seizures that can lead to unconsciousness. Exercise has a direct effect on blood glucose levels as well. Hypoglycemia is commonly seen and can occur before, during, or after exercise. High levels of exercise can accelerate a low blood sugar reaction. It is important to monitor blood glucose levels prior to exercising to determine if a snack or meal is needed. An athletic trainer needs to be familiar with the signs of hypoglycemia, especially if working with patients with a known history of any type of diabetes.

acne vulgaris etiology/causes/mechanism of injury (4)

develops from combinations of factors within the pilosebaceous unit (hair follicle and sebaceous gland) such as:

1. excessive sebum production

2. follicular hyperkeratinization

3. cutibacterium acne colonization

4. inflammation

(skin condition characterized by formation of inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions on the face, chest, back)

acne vulgaris can these lead to formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) that progresses to inflammatory lesions such as (4)

1. papules

2. pustules

3. nodules

4. cysts

acne vulgaris OTC topical treatment product (5)

1. denzoyl peroxide

2. glycolic acid

3. retinoids

4. salicylic acid

5. sulfur

vitamins: retinols, nicotinamide, zinc

tinea pedis etiology/causes/mechanism of injury

AKA athlete’s foot is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, fungi that flourish in warm, moist environments. can be transmitted by direct and indirect contact. entry points are, fungi need to penetrate skin’s natural protective layer through cracks, tears, injuries.

dermatophytes are a fungal infection and the types are (3)

1. trichophyton

2. epidermophyton

3. microsporum

risk factors for tinea pedis are (5)

1. wearing occlusive shoes

2. persistently wet feet

3. walking barefoot

4. sharing items

5. underlying medication conditions (diabetes, immunodeficiency)

tinea pedis OTC treatment are anti-fungal medication creams such as

1. clotrimazole

2. miconozole

3. terbinafine

2x/day until a week after rash clears up, which may take 2-4 weeks

blister etiology/causes/mechanism of injury (5)

result from friction, irritation, damage to the skin that allows fluid to accumulate between skin layers, creating a raised area filled with fluid;

1. friction

2. heat/burns

3. cold injuries

4. insect bites

5. pressure

a prevention of blisters is applying lubricants and taping. what are the type of lubes (2) and taping methods (2)

1. petroleum jelly

2. body glide or other anti-chafe products

1. tape hot stops (areas of redness) with mole skin or blister bandages

2. pre-taping potential blister areas

general guidelines and best practices for treating blisters

small + intact = protect and prevent from popping and exposed to infections. donut method with moleskin to cushion and relieve pressure

larger/painful or if broken = drain by pricking hole, leave skin in place, clean area with antiseptic,

define the 4 degrees of burns

1 - epidermis, superficial layer: redness, pain, mild swelling

2 - epidermis + dermis, partial thickness: redness, blisters, pain, swelling

3 - epidermis + dermis + hypodermis, all layers of skin exposing muscles and bone: white, charred, leathery, numb due to nerve damage

4 - all layers damaged possibly even organs,

immediate treatment of burns (that are minor and non-life threatening)

1. run under cool water

2. remove tight items before area swells

3. apply cooling agents: aloe vera, or cocoa butter to help prevent drying

4. bandage the burn loosely

5. pain reliever meds: ibuprofen or acetaminophen

when should you seek medical attention for your burns (4)

1. burn area is larger than palms

2. difficulty breathing

3. face, hands, feet, genital, major joints

4. signs of second/third/fourth degree burn

callus etiology/causes/mechanism of injury

AKA hyperkeratosis, a protective mechanism to shield underlying tissue caused by friction or pressure to epidermis

bone callus etiology

following a fracture, bone forms a callus to stabilize the broken bone site during healing process. initially soft and pliable, gradually hardens and eventually replaced by normal bone

carbuncle etiology

bacterial infection MC by staphylococcus aureu will enter skin and infect a cluster of hair follicles where inflammation and infection signs are triggered, pus formation, eventually carbuncle

(cluster of boils that are deeper and more severe than a single boil)

those increased risk factor for carbuncle (5)

1. diabetes

2. weakened immune system

3. poor hygiene

4. chronic skin conditions: eczema, dermatitis

5. obesity

carbuncle treatment

1. warm compression to promote drainage and healing

2. incision and drainage to relieve pain and speed recovery

3. antibiotics (MRSA)

need to follow skin infection wound RTP protocols: 48hrs no new lesions, 72hrs antibiotic therapy, no moist/exudative/draining lesions, no active infections

what is MRSA, and what are the signs and symptoms

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, type of bacteria resistant to several antibiotics, if left untreated can cause sepsis or death.

1. red/swelling/pain/warm/pull or other drainage

2. accompanied by a fever

3. warm bumps/boils, sometimes resembling spider bites

4. fatigue

5. muscle or joint pain

6. SOB

(often looks like other common skin conditions like pimples or boils, key signs of red/swelling/painful/warm to touch that contain pus or drainage)

what are the 5 C’s of MRSA

1. crowing

2. frequent skin to skin contact

3. compromised skin

4. contaminated items and surfaces

5. lack of cleanliness

cellulitis etiology

bacterial infection MC by staphlococcus and streptococcus bacteria that enters body through skin breakage.

cellulitis commonly presents itself like any other skin infection. what are the tale-telling signs and symptoms of cellulitis

1. warmth

2. rash

3. fever

4. blisters or pustules

5. red streak that extend from infected area may indicate lymphatic involvement

6. glossy tight skin (early)

7. blackened skin (severe symptom)

similarity and differences between foot and callus on foot

both hyperkeratosis in the stratum corneum caused by friction and pressure; thickened skin.

differ in size, location, pain level: corns are smaller, more localized, often painful, round/oval with hard center.
callus are larger, more diffuse, usually less painful, usually flat and on WB areas.

foot corn causes/etiology

a response triggered by poorly fitting shoes or repetitive stress.

hard corn = top and sides of toes, dry, thickened, well defined area
soft corn = between toes where moisture can soften the thickened skin, appearing whitish and macerated

dermatitis vs cellulitis

both are skin conditions that causes redness, swelling, inflammation.

dermatitis AKA eczema, an inflammatory response and a broad term encompassing various inflammatory skin conditions triggered by irritants or allergens; a broad term for skin inflammation

cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection that penetrates deeper layers of skin and subcutaneous tissue

dermatitis sign and symptoms (4)

1. redness/swelling

2. itching

3. blisters

4. dry/scaly/cracked skin

dermatitis vs eczema

eczema is a type of dermatitis, characterized by dry, itchy, inflammed skin.

most common type of eczema

atopic dermatitis, linked to allergies and family hx of eczema or asthma

folliculitis is caused by….

1. ingrown hair

2. bacterial

3. fungal

4. viral infection

5. friction

6. irritation

stage 1 frost bite etiology and signs/symptoms

aka frostnip/frostbite is reversible

1. red/cold

2. may feel tingling

Cold injury is most likely to occur in the hands, feet, nose, and ears. Cold injury can cause extensive tissue damage if not treated appropriately. To treat cold injury, wet clothing should be removed, and the affected area should be gradually rewarmed, such as through heating pads or warm water. Palpation may be used to discern if the area is hard or numb, such as in frostbite. Warm fluids can be provided as they help increase core temperature; however, the area should not be massaged as this may cause tissue damage or a further decrease in core temperature.

stage 2 superficial frostbite sign and symptoms

1. pale/bluish, ice crystals may form

2. may feel warm

3. swollen upon rewarming

4. blisters may appear 12-36hrs later

stage 3 deep frostbites sign and symptoms

1. skin is white,

2. mottled

3. numbness and lack of feeling

4. large blisters 24-48hrs after rewarming. may turn black and hard as tissue dies

folliculitis vs furunculosis

both are skin infections involving hair follicles but differ in depth and severity

folliculitis - superficial infection and inflammation

furunculosis - AKA boils that are deeper and forms pus filled pocket (abscess); painful, can cause scarring, can progress to carbuncles (cluster of boils)

herpes simplex etiology

viral infection caused by HSV, can manifest as cold sores (HSV-1) or genital herpes (HSV-2), a STI. highly contagious, transmission is direct skin to skin contact, including sexual contact

herpes simplex treatment (antiviral, topical treatment) are

antiviral medications:

1. Acyclovir

2. Valacyclovir

3. Famciclovir

topical:

1. Docosanol

2. Benzocaine

STI vs STD

infection happens when a virus, bacteria, parasite enters the body and immune system fights it.disease happens when the infection causes symptoms, damages parts of body, and leads to illness. many infections never develops into diseases

what are the bacterial STIs (7)

1. chlamydia

2. gonorhea

3. syphilis

4. bacterial vaginosis (BV)

5. mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen)

6. lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

7. chancroid

what are the viral STIs (8)

1. genetial herpes (HSV)

2. human papillomavirus (HPV)

3. HIV/AIDs

4. HBV

5. HCV

6. cytomegalovirus (CMV)

7. Mpox

8. Zika

what are the parasitic STIs (3)

1. pubic lice

2. scabies

3. trichomoniasis

what are the other STIs (commonly to different parts of the body) (6)

1. pelvic inflammatory disease

2. cervicitis

3. epididymitis

4. proctitis

5. non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)

6. molluscum contagiosum

in short, what are the most common STIs (7) and the curable and treatable conditions

1. chlamydia*

2. gonorrhea*

3. syphilis*

4. trichomonas*

5. herpes simplex virus

6. HIV

7. HPV

herpes zoster pathology

AKA shingles, a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox. causes painful rash and nerve damage. rash turns into blisters after the 3-4th day. within 10 days, blisters dry out and crust over into scabs and takes weeks to completely go away.

reactivation is unknown, MC happens when you get older and immune system naturally weakens

herpes zoster sign and symptoms

1. raised, blistered rash - follows dermatomes, area along a nerve and does not cross midline of your body; tale-tell sign.

2. upset GI

3. fever, chills

4. headache

5. itching or tingling

6. reddish or discolored skin

7. generally feeling unwell

8. burning or shooting nerve pain

urticaria aka __ appears due to…. and chemicals from WBCs of … (2)

hives appears due to release of histamine and chemicals from mast cells and basophils in the skin, leading to increase blood vessel permeability and fluid leakage into surrounding tissues.

urticaria causes, signs and symptoms

1. allergic reaction

2. idiopathic overall

3. emotional stress

4. extreme exposure to cold or sun

5. illness

6. infections

superficial dermal swelling aka wheals/welts that are pruitic and pink/pale in center

(itchy, raised, red or skin-colored welts that sudden appear)

hyperhidrosis pathology/causes

excessive sweating from overstimulation of eccrine glands (sweat glands) by the sympathetic nervous system. production of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) is what actives muscarinic receptors on eccrine gland to release sweat excessively.

impetigo pathology and causes

bacterial infections of superficial skin caused by staph or strep. can be primary or secondary, developing at sites of pre-existing skin damage. increases possibility of MRSA.

impetigo common areas, signs and symptoms

MC to face, nose, mouth, arms, legs

1. small red bumps that develop into blisters

2. can break open and release clear or yellow exudative that forms

3. crust, honey-colored sores that may spread

4. itchy

5. rarely swelling of lymph nodes near affected sites and fever

guideline for wounds to get stitches (5)

1. treat within 6-8hrs to minimize risk of infection

2. deep cuts of 1/4 in (6mm)

3. long cuts of 1/2 in (12mm) and more

4. uncontrolled bleeding of 15min and longer

5. if you can see fatty tissue or bones

intertigo pathology and causes (3) and common areas; signs and symptoms

superficial skin inflammation in skin folds due to heat/friction/moisture that breaks down skin’s protective barrier that leads to signs and of:

1. erythema (redness)

2. maceration (softening of the skin)

3. potential secondary infections (fungi like candida)

intertrigo infection sign and symptoms

1. foul odor

2. pus filled bumps; possible oozing

3. increased inflammation or pain

4. inflammed

5. raw

6. crusty

paronychia pathology and causes

skin infection caused by bacteria staph aureaus or strep pyogenes. frequently associated with fungal infection of candida. may be caused by:

1. irritants

2. allergens

3. underlying conditions like: diabetes or (4) eczema

paronychia sign and symptoms; what happens if left untreated

1. sudden onset pain/redness/swelling

2. tenderness around nail

3. abscess (collection of pus) may develop in severe infections

if left untreated. infection can spread under the nail and lift nail off nail bed

how are other infections different from paronychia; different diagnosis’

pediculosis pathology and causes; types (3)

aka lice and can cause pruritus (painful or irratating itching). an infestation caused by parasitic insects. transmission if close personal contact, sharing infested items, sexual contact; can affect the areas:

1. head

2. body

3. pubic

pityriasis rosea pathology and causes; common areas

non-contagious rash that starts with a single, larger patch (herald patch) followed by smaller, scaly, pink or reddish oval shaped spots; itchy and can last for several weeks.

causes is unknown, believed to be viral infection with possible triggers (HHV 6 or 7, epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus)

MC on chest, abdomen, thighs, back

pityriasis rosea complications

1. severe itching

2. temporary spots (lasting weeks to months) of skin that are darker or lighter than usual

prickly heat rash pathology, sign and symptoms

AKA miliaria, occurs when sweat ducts become blocked, trapping sweat under the skin

1. small, itchy, sometimes prickly bumps or blisters

2. burning sensation (sometimes)

3. rash can appear red or clear bumps (gray or white in darker skin tones)

psoriasis pathology, sign and symptoms

chronic skin condition of buildup of skin cells, forming plaques. cause is unknown, maybe immune system and genetics, but not contagious.

1. skin redness

2. irratation

3. painful

4. dry cracked skin that may bleed

5. flaky silver-white scales

psoriasis common areas affected are

1. knees

2. elbows

3. trunk

4. scalp

ringworm pathology and causes

AKA tinea corporis is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes (a type of fungus that thrives on keratin, a protein found in skin, hair, nails) MC to body, scalp, groin, foot, nail. can be spread through direct contact or by touching contaminated objects. warm, moist environments promote fungal growth, increasing risk of infection.

ringworm sign and symptoms

1. body = boarder is circular, raised, red rash, with scaly or dry center

2. scalp = scaly patches, hair breakage, temp baldness

3. groin = red, itchy rash

4. foot = scaly, cracked

5. nail = thicken, discolored, brittle nail

scabies pathology and causes

skin condition caused by microscopic mites (Sarcoptes scabiei car. hominis) that burrow into skin. highly contagious and spreads through direct contact. if left untreated, leads to bacterial skin infections

scabies sign and symptoms

1. intense itching

2. pimple like rash, often visible burrows

sebaceous cyst pathology and causes

AKA epidermal cyst, a slow growing non cancerous lump that develops from sebaceaous gland or hair follicle. cysts often filled with keratin, skin cells, lipids. can be problematic if they become infected, inflamed or interfere with daily life

sebaceous cyst sign and symptoms

1. slow growing, round, moveable lump under skin

2. skin colored or yellowish hue

3. painless, unless inflamed or infected

4. small dark pit on surface (sometimes)

verruca vulgaris pathology and causes

AKA common wart caused by the HPV contagious and spread through direct contact or touching contaminated objects. MC areas are fingers, hands, arms

verruca vulgaris sign and symptoms (3)

1. rough, raised bumps, often cauliflower-like appearance

2. wart seeds (small black dots) representing clotted blood vessels on the surface

verruca plantaris pathology

AKA plantar warts can cause mild pain if located on WB areas; often caused by sanitary behaviors like walking barefoot

what are the correlations between HIV and AIDS

human immunodeficiency virus causes infections. if untreated, HIV may progress to AIDS which is considered a syndrome and the most advanced stage of HIV infection

is HIV curable or treatable

antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the amount of HIV in the blood nearly to zero (<1%) but does not cure HIV infection

untreated HIV can lead to many complications such as

1. AIDS - autoimmune deficiency, lymphocytes are attacked and destroyed, increasing difficulty for body to fight off infections/illnesses/certain cancer; and,

2. contracting infections of hepatitis, tuberculosis, STIs.

how is HIV transmitted (6)

bodily fluids such as

1. blood (sharing needles, razors, tattoos)

2. semen

3. pre-seminal

4. vaginal fluids

5. rectal fluids

6. breastmilk

HIV sign and symptoms

1. flu-like symptoms

2. night sweats

3. muscle aches

4. sore throat

5. fatigue

6. swollen lymph nodes*

7. mouth ulcers*

8. skin rash*

9. non symptomatic

two ways to diagnose AIDS

1. CD4 count of less than 200cells/mm³ (immune system cells)

2. presence of infections

difference between HIV and Hepatitis

both are viral infections and transmitted through similar route, they just attack different body parts:

HIV - attacks immune system, attacks wbc and develops to AIDS; treatment can effectively control the virus
HEP - attacks liver, can lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer; each type has own characteristics and some resolve on their own which others can become chronic; Hep C can be cured, the others can be managed

HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) are transmitted by pathogens found in blood and can be transmitted through sharing needles or engaging in risky sexual practices. While other bodily fluids can transmit these pathogens, contracting HBV or HIV through a hot tub, sharing a water bottle, or from contaminated food would be nearly, if not completely, impossible.

appendicitis sign and symptoms (6)

1. abdominal pain

2. nausea/vomiting

3. loss of appetite

4. fever - low grade, high grade = ruptured

5. constipation or diarrhea

6. belly bloating/gas

appendicitis pain will start….and worsens with…

1. start at belly button, and shifts to lower right abdomen

2. worsens with movement/coughing/sneezing

appendicitis causes are...and if it’s not treated right away…

blockage in lining, the lumen, can cause an infection causing inflammation, and filling with pus. if not treated right away, it may burst or break open

chlamydia sign and symptoms (6)

1. abnormal vaginal discharge

2. burn sensation when urinating

3. pain during intercourse

4. rectal pain/discharge/bleeding

5. lower abdominal pain (women)

6. pain/swelling in testicles (men)

some can be asymptomatic (50-70%) and still infect others through sexual contact

chlamydia can appear within…. after exposure

1 to 3 weeks

untreated chlamydia or gonnorhea can lead to

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

chlamydia can be transmitted through

1. sex - vaginal, anal, oral

2. sharing sex toys

3. mother to child transmission

man and man sex = higher risk for catching

coccidioidomycosis pathology

AKA valley fever, caused by fungal infection, coccidioides. can be found in soil then those fungi spores are breathed into lung.

coccidioidomycosis sign and symptoms (9)

1. mimic flu like symptoms

2. fever

3. cough

4. tiredness

5. SOB

6. headache

7. chills, night sweat

8. joint ache, muscle soreness

9. spotty rash on lower legs, sometimes chest, arms back (rare)

coccidiodomycosis untreated may lead to..

chronic form of pneumonia, which is common with weakened immune systems

tale-telling sign of an epileptic seizure coming on (2)

1. loss of awareness

2. unusual feeling/sensation - like a strange smell, numbness, tingling, change in vision, sudden fright

tests to confirm epilepsy

1. EEG - electrical activity in brain

2. ECG - check heart

3. scans - MRI or CT

4. blood test

5. genetic testing

what are the types of epileptic seizures (6)

1. tonic clonic - unconciouss and fall, muscles stiffens then repetitive jerks

2. tonic - muscles stiffen, fall, then recover quickly

3. atonic - muscles go limb, fall, then recover quickly

4. absence - loss of awareness briefly

5. focal - unusual feelings/sensations, movements

6. myoclonic - muscles jerk briefly

gastroenteritis pathology, and causes

AKA stomach flu/virus is caused by infection to GI tract AKA inflammation of the stomach and intestine

1. virus - norovirus, rotavirus

2. bacteria - e coli, salmonella, campylobacter

3. parasites - giardia crytosporidium

gastroenteritis sign and symptoms (7) and severe symptoms (2)

1. diarrhea

2. vomiting, nausea

3. abdominal pain, cramps

4. fever, low grade

5. headache

6. chills, body aches

7. fatigue

8. bloody stools/hematochezia (severe)

9. pus in stool/purulent discharge (severe)

how do you get gastroenteritis (7)

1. ingesting toxic chemicals which can contaminate food and water sources

2. heavy dose of alcohol or drugs, including some medications

gonorrhea pathology/causes

is a STI caused by bacteria Neisseria gonnorrhoeae. transmitted through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, oral). can lead to PIF if untreated also

measles pathology/causes

AKA rubeola, a viral infection caused by the measles virus that belongs to the family paramyxoviridae, commonly affects children. disease is spread through air by respiratory droplets produced by coughing or sneezing.

appears 10 to 14 days after exposure

measles sign and symptoms; what are the 5 C’s

1. fever, high grade

2. tiredness

3. cough

4. red, raised, red bumps that start at hairline and move to arms and legs

Cough, Coryza (runny nose), Conjuctivitis, Koplik spots

measles can be prevented by…

the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccination

mumps pathology/causes

caused by the mumps virus that belongs to paramyxoviridae family. spread through contact with saliva or respiratory droplets from infected person. causes painful swelling in parotid salivary glands (parotitis)