AP Human Geo 2.1-2.9

Demography/Demographics

The study of population (2.1)

Ecumene

Portion of the Earth's surface that people are living in/on (2.1)

Two main factors that influence Population Distribution

Physical and Human (2.1)

What, specifically, influences population distribution among Physical and Human factors?

Physical: climate, landforms, water bodies, soil Human: culture, economics, history, politics (2.1)

Population Density

The amount of people in relation to the space that they occupy (2.1)

Three categories of population density

Arithmetic Density, Physiological Density, Agricultural Density

Arithmetic Density

The number of people per unit area of land (crude density) (2.1)

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable (agriculturally productive) land (2.1)

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers and arable (agriculturally productive land) per unit (2.1)

Carrying Capacity

Population that can be supported by the available resources in an area (2.1)

What is a population pyramid and what does it show?

Graph that shows the age-sex distribution among an area (2.2)

What type of information about a country can you interpret from a population pyramid? (4)

1. Level of development and related development indicator

2. Population grown rate and life expectancy

3. Percentage of population by age and sex dependency ratio

4. How to predict markets and needs of a society (2.2)

Rapid Growth Pyramid

Level of Development: Periphery

Notes: High BR and high DR, high RNI

ex. Haiti, Chad, sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia, Central (2.2)

Medium Growth Pyramid

Level of Development: Semi-periphery

Notes: High BR, declining DR

ex. BRICS, MINTS (2.2)

Slow Growth Pyramid

Level of Development: Core

Notes: Low BR and Low DR, slow and stable RNI

ex. Canada, US, Europe, Australia (2.2)

Negative Growth Pyramid

Level of Development: Core

Notes; Higher DR than BR, negative RNI ex. Japan, Italy, South Korea, Singapore (2.2)

How political factors affect population density and human activities

Favors areas with higher populations because they have more influence in government (2.3)

How economic factors affect population density and human activities

Areas with jobs have higher population densities. Urban areas have more jobs (2.3)

How social factors affect population density and human activities

Urban areas (higher PD) have a greater ability to provide social needs (2.3)

How population density can affect the environment and available resources

The world has a limited carrying capacity; limited resources. Higher population requires more focus on resources (2.3)

Demographic Momentum

If a place has a high population, its hard to get it back down, even with controlled birth rate (2.3)

Consequences of overpopulation

More schools, more operating expenses, more sick people to deal with, job shortages, shelter shortages (2.3)

Consequences of underpopulation

Labor shortage from lack of workers, loss of heritage/traditions (2.3)

What is the demographic transition model?

The DTM is a model that explains the transition from high BR and DR to low BR and DR and how that influences economic stability (2.4)

Stage one of the DTM

-No real examples

-Very high BR

-Very high DR

-Low RNI (2.4)

Stage two of the DTM

-Wide base, rapid growth

-Periphery

-Very high BR

-Rapid decrease in DR

-Rapid increase in RNI

-Developing countries (2.4)

Stage three of the DTM

-Moderate growth

-BRICS/MINT

-Slowly falling BR

-Leveling off DR

-Slower increase of RNI

-Newly developed countries/semi-periphery (2.4)

Stage four of the DTM

-Slow growth

-Core countries

-Low BR

-Low DR

-Very slow RNI

-Developed countries (2.4)

Stage five of the DTM

-Negative growth

-Japan, Italy, Germany

-BR below DR

-Negative RNI

-Developed/core countries (2.4)

Assumptions of the DTM (Demographic Transition Model)

Assumed that countries must follow the same path of development as Europe and that movement from rural/agricultural to urban/industrial is the only path to economic development (2.4)

Faults of the DTM (Demographic Transition Model

Only considers economic factors of development, not things like societal roles of women, cultural norms of a society, and religious norms of a society (2.4)

What does DTM stand for in the context of AP Human Geography?

Demographic Transition Model (2.4)

Exceptions to the DTM

Russia's BR is dropping but not because of economic development— economic uncertainty, poor overall health, engagement in conflicts (2.4)

The Epidemiological Transition

A countries leading cause of death transitions from infectious and parasitic diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases (2.4)

Fertility (indicators)

Ability to have offspring (2.5)

Total fertility rate

Average number of children a women will have in her reproductive years (2.5)

Replacement fertility rate

Number of children/females needed to have a stable population (2.5)

Crude birth rate (BR)

Total number of live births per 1000 in a population in a year (2.5)

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The crude birth rate - the crude death rate, aka the Growth Rate (2.5)

Distribution of highest RNI (Sub-Saharan Africa)

Latin America, SW Asia, and South Asia (2.5)

Zero population growth (ZPG)

When births cancel out deaths (2.5)

Doubling time

Time it will take for a population to double (2.5)

Mortality indicators

Concerns when/how people in a society approach death (2.5)

Infant mortality rate

Number of deaths per child >1 year of age (2.5)

Child mortality rate

Number of deaths per child >5 years of age (2.5)

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people (2.5)

Life expectancy

Average number of years a person can expect to live (2.5)

Migration Rates (inward and outward migration)

People leaving and entering an area will affect its population (2.5)

Social, political, and economic factors of fertility and how they increase/decrease fertility rates

Social: When women are valued by # of kids — usually outputs a higher birth rate

Political: Male head of the household shows his manhood by the # of kids he has, higher BR

Economic: Pro and anti-natal policies to control labor and how much of the world's natural resources is being consumed, lower BR (2.5)

Malthusian Theory (Thomas Malthus)

Population grows, food supply lacks. Solution? Don't help the poor (2.6)

lowk messed up 💔

Criticisms of Thomas Malthus (Malthusian Theory)

Didn't foresee technological advances such as the Green Revolution that could increase food production.

Didn't consider migration that could redistribute population (2.6)

Arguments of Neo-Malthusians

Growth of LDC's (less developed countries) are lowering resources. Demands birth control and family planning (2.6)

Cornucopians/Anti-Malthusians

Society will find a way; humans always innovate out of problems (2.6)

Ester Boserup

Founder of the Cornucopian theory. "Necessity is the mother of innovation." Idea that population increase, resource increase. (2.6)

How changing social values impact fertility rates

If societal norms say that women have a higher value with more kids, that'll generally increase the BR (2.7)

How education values impact fertility rates

If women go to school and get jobs, they'll secure superior confidence and financial independence. Lowers the BR (2.7)

How healthcare impacts fertility rates

Better pre-natal and post-natal care leads to fewer deaths of infants and mothers and decreases the fertility rate. With a lower fear of death families tend to have less children. (2.7)

What is a pro-natal policy?

Policy that encourages people to have babies. Used to offset costs of medical bills

What is an anti-natal policy?

Discourages people from having babies. Used to control/slow population growth

Dependency Ratio

Comparison of the number of people too young (