Chapter 5: Movement

Reflexes

________ occur rapidly & without attention because they are built into the system of spinal cord neurons.

Dopamine

________ is supplied to the basal ganglia by neurons in the Substantia Nigra (midbrain cell group).

Flexor

________: a muscle that closes the joints it spans.

Fibers

________ activate motor neurons in the stretched muscle causing the stretch reflex.

Extensor

________: a muscle that opens the joints it spans.

Antagonist

________: muscles that oppose the intended direction of movement.

Cerebellum

________: a brain structure at the back of the brain that is very important for coordination and adjusting skilled movement.

Agonists

________: muscles that move joints in the intended direction.

Motor cortex

________: important area in the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement.

Flexion withdrawal

________ (bottom) occurs when your bare foot encounters a sharp object.

basal ganglia

The ________ and thalamus have connections with motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

direct information

The cerebellum gets ________ from sensory receptors in the head and limbs, as well as areas of the cerebral cortex.

Reflexes

________: relatively fixed, automatic muscle responses to particular stimuli.

cerebellum

The ________ also helps adjust motor output to deal with changing conditions.

fiber

Each ________ is controlled by 1 alpha motor neuron in the brain or spinal cord.

cerebellum

The ________ integrates information to ensure smooth coordination.

reflexes

All ________ involve the activation of small sensory receptors in skin, joints, and in muscles.

skeletal muscles

Muscles that are attached to bones in the body to produce voluntary movements.

Flexor

A muscle that closes the joints it spans.

Extensor

A muscle that opens the joints it spans.

Agonists

Muscles that move joints in the intended direction.

Antagonist

Muscles that oppose the intended direction of movement.

Motor unit

The alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls.

Reflexes

Relatively fixed, automatic muscle responses to particular stimuli.

muscle spindles

The receptors in muscles.

stretch reflex

Contraction of the muscle caused by activation of motor neurons.

Motor cortex

An important area in the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement.

Cerebellum

A brain structure at the back of the brain that is very important for coordination and adjusting skilled movement.