exam 1 and 2

What is the main difference between probability and nonprobability samples?

a) In a probability sample, the researcher can determine the likelihood that a member of the population will be included in the sample, whereas that likelihood cannot be determined in a nonprobability sample

In which of the following instances might the error of estimation be lowest?

b) The sample is large

In order to form a simple random sample, you first need a list of all the members in the population. This list is called the:

b) Sampling frame

I am conducting a study on the effects of standardized testing (SOLs) on third graders in Virginia. I first randomly select 20 counties in the state, then randomly select 2 elementary schools from each of those counties. I then randomly select 2 third grade teachers in each of those schools to survey about their observations of standardized testing. Which sampling method am I using?

c) Multistage cluster sampling

I am interested in investigating why VCU students choose to use the elevator instead of stairs in a two-story building on campus. I survey every 5th student who rides the elevator. Which sampling method am I using?

c) Systematic sampling

I conduct a study on VCU students, but, when describing my results, I state that these findings apply to all emerging adults (e.g., people between the ages of 18 to 29). Which best describes the error that I am committing?

c) Misgeneralization

I want to study aggression in Veterans with combat-related PTSD. I sample only Veterans from the local VA psychiatric clinic. Which of the following best describes my sample?

c) Convenience

Why are purposive samples generally discouraged in psychological research?

c) They rely on the researcher’s judgment and may not be representative

In deciding sample size, researchers take ______ into consideration.

d) Power

Power refers to the likelihood of _________.

d) Detecting effects that really do exist

The Stall Seat Journal, which provides statistics about the prevalence of alcohol use, vaping, and other health-related behaviors among VCU students, is an example of _____ research.

b) Descriptive

I would like to investigate the characteristics of the students who enroll in PSYC 340: Introduction to the Helping Relationship. I sample students from my current classes and ask them why they chose to enroll. This is an example of _____ research.

a) Cross-sectional

Spit for Science, a project that involves collecting data from the same sample of students each year that they attend college (and for several years after!), is an example of _____ research.

a) Longitudinal

I would like to know how graduating seniors feel about entering the “real world,” and whether this viewpoint changes over time. Each year for 20 years, I randomly sample graduating seniors and ask them the same question, “What is your biggest fear about post-graduate life?” This is an example of ______.

b) Successive independent samples

It is estimated that, in the United States, approximately 25,000 people are living with a rare bone condition called Osteogenesis Imperfecta. This number represents the _____ of the disease.

c) Prevalence

Dr. Strong is advocating to get rid of his university’s IRB. He states that every researcher should decide for themselves whether their research is ethical. Dr. Strong approaches research questions using the _______ viewpoint.

a) Ethical skepticism

The panel of individuals who review research conducted at a university, hospital, or other facility to ensure that the research is conducted ethically is called a(n):

b) Institutional review board

Which of the following aspects of research would an IRB NOT be concerned with?

d) Whether the research team will likely work well together

Which of the following is TRUE regarding informed consent?

c) Informed consent may be waived as long as the study poses no more than minimal risk to participants

You want to observe how couples argue. You bribe the RA of a local dorm to sneak you into the dorm rooms of students who have significant others and install hidden cameras to capture potential arguments. This study may be considered...

d) Invasion of privacy

A research study seemingly involves two participants solving a puzzle together. In reality, one of the participants is actually a member of the research team, and they are trying to investigate how the participant reacts when the confederate sabotages the puzzle. This is an example of:

d) Deception

The best way to ensure ______ is to keep participants’ data anonymous.

c) Confidentiality

Which of the following is NOT considered a vulnerable population according to federal research laws?

b) Educators

According to federal laws, research that involves causing pain to animals can only be conducted if...

a) It can be conducted in no other way

“Peer review” refers to the process of:

a) Experts in the field reviewing papers and deciding whether or not they should be published in scientific journals

You find a strong, negative correlation between use of social media and self-esteem. Which of the following statements BEST describes your conclusion?

d) Use of social media is associated with lower self-esteem

Dr. Leslie Knope finds a moderate, negative correlation between number of salads eaten and happiness. Which best describes her findings?

a) As the number of salads eaten increases, happiness decreases

A research paper states, “Marijuana consumption and grades were correlated, r = -.54.” This indicates a:

a) Moderate negative correlation: higher marijuana consumption is associated with lower grades

A research paper states, “There was a strong correlation between ice cream eaten and happiness, in which greater ice cream consumed was associated with increased happiness.” Which correlation coefficient is most likely to represent this scenario?

b) r = .67

You find a correlation between protein consumed and satiety (feelings of fullness) of .37. Which of the following statements is true?

a) 13.7% of the variability in satiety is attributed to protein consumed

Which of the following is TRUE about statistical significance?

c) Statistical significance represents the likelihood that a correlation coefficient calculated on a sample might actually be zero in the population

Although total scores on my depression scale can range from 0-100, scores in my healthy (i.e., not depressed) sample only range from 0-30. This may indicate which of the following factors that can distort correlation coefficients?

a) Restriction of range

I would like to see if there is a correlation between gender (coded as men vs. women) and soda preference (coded as Pepsi vs. Coke). Which of the following correlation coefficients should I use?

d)Phi coefficient

I would like to see if there is a correlation between pet preference (coded as dog lovers vs. cat lovers) and income. Which of the following correlation coefficients should I use?

a) Point biserial coefficient

Which of the following is NOT one of the three ingredients of an experiment?

a) All variables measured must be on an interval/ratio scale of measurement

I am testing whether my new drug, Morgana, improves time management skills in college students. I divide my sample into groups - Group A receives a sugar pill, Group B receives 10mg of the drug, and Group C receives 20mg of the drug. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study?

d) Time management skills

I am examining whether a phone ban improves class participation in PSYC 317. For one
week, the TA’s observe how many students participate without changing any of the
class policies. The following week, all phones are banned from the classroom, and the
TA’s again observe how many students participate. Which of the following is TRUE about
this experiment?

The equivalence of groups at the beginning of the experiment is not a concern in
this study

I want to test whether students perform better in classes with louder professors. On
Monday, students listen to a lecture by Dr. Swift, who speaks relatively quietly, and then
complete a quiz. On Tuesday, these same students listen to a different lecture by Dr.Kelce, who speaks much louder, and then complete a quiz. At the end of the
experiment, I ask the students whether or not they perceived Dr. Kelce as louder than
Dr. Swift. This question is an example of

A manipulation check

Dr. David is studying the effect of caffeine on memory. She gives participants increasing
doses of caffeine, having them perform a memory task with each additional 15mg of
caffeine that they consume. Participants improve on the memory task over time. In
addition to the caffeine, which effect might explain their improvement in performance

Practice effect

want to conduct a within-subjects experiment. However, I want to ensure that the
order in which my participants experience each condition does not impact their scores
on the dependent variable. The best way to protect against these order effects is

Counterbalancing

Systematic variance consists of all of the following excep

variance due to random error

I am testing whether college students price affects student perceptions of hamburgers.
In the experimental group, students will try two hamburgers and will be informed that
one of the burgers costs $12, whereas the other costs $25. They will then indicate which
hamburger they prefer. In the control groups, students will try the two hamburgers and
select their preference without any price information. Which of the following is NOT an
example of confound variance in this experiment?

There was a big snowstorm, and half of the participants in each condition were
unable to make it to the experiment

Attrition refers to _____, and is only a threat to internal validity when ________.

Participants dropping out of the study; more participants in one condition drop
out than in the other condition(s

In what way is a major national event, like the COVID-19 pandemic, a threat to internal
validity?

If the event impacts participants in one condition differently than it impacts
participants in the other condition(s)

really believe that my experimental therapy treatment is going to be successful; thus, I
subconsciously rate participants in the experimental group as psychologically healthier
after the experiment than I rate participants in the control group. This is an example of

Expectancy effects

I am a participant in an experiment. I think I’ve figured out the researcher’s hypothesis,
and I want to make sure that their results are helpful. Thus, I try to work really hard to
make my behavior aligned with their hypothesis. This is an example of:

Demand characteristics

Which of the following statements regarding double-blind studies is NOT true

In double-blind studies, the researcher should try to assign the participant to the
condition that the participant prefers

Which of the following statements regarding the placebo effect is NOT true?

People of higher intelligence do not demonstrate the placebo effect.

Random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable arenecessary criteria in a(n

Experimental study

Effect size is a proportion of ________ over ________.

. Systematic variance; total variance

You want to compare social behavior at various Virginia colleges. Members of theresearch team sit in front of the dining hall at different universities and record how manystudents enter by themselves or with friends. This is an example of:

Naturalistic observation

A major risk of undisguised observation is that:

The presence of the researcher may influence participants' behavior

I want to see if the amygdala of a child raised in an abusive household activates whenhearing the voice of their parent. I would most likely use:

FMRI

You are working with a team to design a questionnaire about college student attitudestowards social media. Your partner drafts the following questionnaire item: "How muchdo you agree that TikTok is educational and entertaining?" Which of the followingconcerns might you have about this item?

It is double-barreled

Rate how difficult this quiz is on a scale from 1 (not difficult at all) to 5 (very difficult).This item is an example of which of the following response formats?

Likert-scale

A true/false item uses which of the following response formats?

Dichotomous

Reassuring participants that their responses will stay anonymous helps to reduce:

Social desirability

Which of the following correctly describes acquiescence?

Some participants have a tendency to agree with questionnaire items, regardlessof item content

Given that theories can neither be proved nor disproved by the results of a researchstudy, how does scientific knowledge advance?

On the basis of accumulated evidence over many studies

To be scientific, hypotheses must be stated in such a way that they are

Falsifiable

Which of the following is NOT a criterion of scientific investigations

Researchers must agree regarding how results should be interpreted

When measuring behavior, researchers want the variability in the numbers they assignto participants' responses to

Correspond to the variability in participants' responses

Variance in a behavior that is related to variables that the researcher is investigating is______ variance

Systematic

Effect size is an index of the __________ of the relationship between variables.

Strength

Which of the following is NOT one of the main goals of psychological research?

Rumination

i am testing whether a form of PTSD treatment reduces nightmares in trauma survivors.This study is a form of _______ research

Applied

Which of the following descriptive statistics would be MOST skewed by an outlier(extreme score)?

Mean

You would like to see if there is a gender difference in how men and women respond tofinding money on the street. Your research assistant intentionally drops $50 on thesidewalk, and you record whether passersby keep the money or leave it on the sidewalk.This is an example of:

Contrived observation

I am interested in studying the childhoods of serial killers. I comb through the academicrecords of serial killers to compare their grades, classroom behavior, and disciplinaryhistories. This is an example of

Archival data

Variance.

Reflects the degree to which participants' scores differ from the mean

In order to facilitate the process of ________, researchers should ensure that themethods of their studies are publicly available.

Replication

_______ research describes human behavior through words, whereas ______ researchdescribes human behavior through numbers/statistics.

Qualitative, quantitative

i would like to know if students with certain personality characteristics perform better inschool. I have a group of students complete a personality test, and then statisticallycalculate the relationship between their personality test scores and their GPA. This is anexample of a(n)

Correlational study

As a researcher, our goal is to minimize _______ variance in our studies.

error

The purpose of _______ is to summarize and synthesize the findings of many studies onone particular topic.

Meta-analysis

You are testing whether eating breakfast affects how quickly middle schoolers can run amile. One student performed poorly because she was not wearing proper running shoes.The variability in this student's score from the mean is most likely due to:

Error variance

Mean and standard deviation are examples of

descriptive statistics

You are a research assistant for a professor who wants to study the process of joining asorority. You go through the process of "rushing" various sororities and document yourobservations. This is an example of:

Participant observation

Researchers should try to _______ interrater reliability

Maximize

A double-barreled item is one which

Contains two prompts at once

I ask participants to tell me their favorite things about VCU in a free response format.Before I can statistically analyze this data, I will have to engage in which of the followingprocesses

Content analysis

Experience sampling methods address which of the following challenges of self-report?

Recall bias

Participants in my study receive a text message at five random times throughout the day.They are asked to rate their current mood and level of hunger. This is an example ofwhich methodology

Experience sampling