Anaphy Midterms

Integumentary System

Consist of skin and accessory structures (hair, glands, nails)

Integument

means Covering

skin

the largest and heaviest organ of the body

Melasma

Chronic skin condition caused by overproduction of melanin (pigment) that results for brown or gray-brown patches to appear.

Sunburn

Acute (short-term) skin injury caused by UV radiation damaging skin cellsmaking the skin ppears as red, swollen, painful skin that may blister and peel.

Homeostasis

the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Homeostasis

Keeps conditions (like temperature, pH, water, glucose, electrolytes) within a narrow, healthy range so cells can function properly.

Negative feedback

reverses a change to bring the body back to balance

Positive feedback

amplifies a change until a specific event ends.

Homeostasis

process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment through feedback mechanisms, allowing cells and organs to function properly.

vasodilation

Blood vessels in the dermis dilate to release heat

vasoconstriction

Blood vessels in the dermis constrict to conserve heat.

Vitamin D

essential for calcium absorption and maintains bone health and mineral balance in the blood.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost skin layer has keratin and lipids that form a water-resistant barrier

Sebum

coats the skin with an oily film, reducing evaporation of water to keep skin soft, supple, and moisturized

Too little hydration

dry, cracked skin (xerosis), increased infection risk.

Too much hydration

wrinkling, maceration (like after soaking in water)

integumentary system

regulates hydration by using the stratum corneum, sebum, and sweat glands to prevent excessive water loss while allowing controlled evaporation for cooling.

Sebum

an oily, waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in the skin

Sebum

Made up of fats (lipids), wax esters, squalene, and dead cells.

Overproduction of sebum

oily skin, acne (clogs pores)

Underproduction

dry, flaky skin

Sebum

an oily secretion from sebaceous glands that lubricates, protects, and moisturizes the skin and hair while providing some antimicrobial defense

acid mantle

acidic surface of the skin created by sebum to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi

Sebum

provides nutrients for normal skin flora (good bacteria), which compete with pathogens and keep skin healthy.

sebum

contributes to the skin’s immune defense by creating an acidic, antimicrobial barrier that protects against microbes — a local (not systemic) immune response

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

three layers of the skin

Epidermis

The most superficial layer of the skin and layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis

Epidermis

layer of the skin that prevents water loss and resists absorption , serves as a barrier against germs, and has the ability to generate

Melanocytes

cells that contain melanin for the skin color. It also filters Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun

Langerhans Cells

part of the immune system that acts as a guard and signal the body when they detect a foreign substances

Merkel cells

combine with nerve ending to create a sensory receptor for touch

Arrector pili muscles

tiny smooth muscles that contract to cause goosebumps and sebum release, mainly in response to cold or fear.

Hair Shaft

the visible part of the hair located above the skin

Hair Root

the part of the hair below the skin, inside the follicle

Hair Bulb

the base of the root, enlarged, contains the hair matrix

hair matrix

living cells that actively divide and make new hair

Hair Papilla

inside the bulb, contains blood vessels and nerves that nourish the growing hair.

Keratinization

The process by which vertebrate epithelial cells become filled with keratin protein filaments, die, and form tough, resistant structures such as skin, nails, and feathers

Stratum Corneum

most superficial stratum and roughest layer of epidermis.

callus

the layer of stratum corneum increases produce a thickened area

Corn

a cone-shaped structure resulted from thickening of callus

Stratum lucidum

only found in thick skin

Stratum granulosum

living cells that compressed and flattened as they move up to epidermal layer

Stratum basale

mitosis is active

Stratum basale

new cell production occurs

Stratum Basale

Basal Layer

Stratum Basale

Site of active mitosis → produces new keratinocytes.

Stratum Basale

Contains melanocytes (pigment) + Merkel cells (touch receptors)

Stratum Basale

Function: Cell division and renewal.

Stratum Spinosum

Spiny Layer

Stratum Spinosum

Cells from basale move here and begin differentiation.

Stratum Spinosum

Keratin synthesis starts; cells connected by desmosomes → “spiny” appearance.

Stratum Spinosum

Function: Early keratin production + structural strength.

Stratum Granulosum

Granular Layer

Stratum Granulosum

3–5 layers of flattened keratinocytes

Stratum Granulosum

Cells accumulate keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies (lipids)

Stratum Granulosum

Function: Transition layer – waterproofing and keratinization.

Stratum Lucidum

Clear Layer

Stratum Lucidum

Thin, transparent layer of dead keratinocytes.

Stratum Lucidum

Found only in thick skin (palms, soles).

Stratum Lucidum

Function: Extra protection and toughness.

Stratum Corneum

Horny Layer

Stratum Corneum

Outermost layer → 20–30 layers of dead, keratinized cells.

Stratum Corneum

Function: Final protective barrier.

Stratum Basale

site of active mitosis (new keratinocytes).

Stratum Spinosum

site of differentiation (keratin production begins).

Stratum Granulosum

cells flatten, accumulate keratin granules, start dying

Stratum Lucidum

clear, dead cells, only in thick skin

Stratum Corneum

outer dead keratinized cells, protective barrier, forms callus/corn when thickened.

Dermis

Composed of dense collagenous connective tissue

Collagen

responsible for structural strength and skin integrity

Collagen fibers

oriented in many different direction and resist stretch, produces cleavage lines or tension lines.

stretch marks

a visible line on the skin that is caused by overstretched skin

Dermal papillae

contain many blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products and help regulate body temperature

Collagen

the most abundant structural protein in the human body (about 25–30% of all proteins)

Collagen

Made of strong fibrous triple-helix chains, giving tissues strength and flexibility.

Loss of collagen

wrinkles, sagging skin

Excess collagen

scars, keloids, fibrosis

Collagen

the body’s main structural protein that provides strength, flexibility, and repair to skin, bones, cartilage, and connective tissues

Subcutaneous tissue

Sometimes called hypodermis

Subcutaneous tissue

Attaches to underlying bone and muscle and supplies blood vessels and nerve

Adipose tissue

located at the hypodermis and functions as padding and insulation

Melanin

a group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair and eye color produced by melanocytes

Melanosomes

the “Golgi Apparatus” of melanocytes that package melanin into vesicles

Albanism

Absence of melanin

Cyanosis

when a decreased in blood O2 content produce bluish color of the skin

Cartone

a yellowish in pigment found in the plants, use human as a source of vitamin A and make the skin quite yellowish

Osteogenesis imperfecta

brittle bone disease

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

hyperflexible joints

Health Assessment

A systematic method of collecting and analyzing data to determine a patient’s health status.

Multifactorial

Health conditions often have many contributing causes: genetic, environmental, lifestyle, etc.

Differential Diagnosis

The process of distinguishing between two or more conditions that present with similar symptoms.

Pathophysiology

The study of how a disease alters normal body functions.

Prognosis

The likely outcome or course of the disease (e.g., recovery, complications).

Infectious Diseases

Spread from person to person or through the environment

Inhalation

Pathogens are spread through the air and enter via the respiratory tract.

Vector-borne

Spread through insects or animals that carry pathogens.

Non-infectious Diseases

Not caused by pathogens and is often chronic, caused by genetics, lifestyle, environment

Autoimmune Diseases

The immune system attacks the body’s own cells