integrated science

What is the layer of Earth’s atmosphere that transitions to outer space?

Exosphere

A person set up a booth on a busy street to sell a small product. As part of an experiment, the person changed the price of the product several times throughout the day and recorded the number of customers for each price and the total number of products sold. The person repeated this process on a similar day, having the booth set up in the same location and open during the same hours. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

The total number of customers

A student wants to know whether certain types and colors of siding absorb more heat from the sun. The student builds several models of the same size using different siding materials and different colors. Each model is positioned to have the same angle with the sun. The student then records the temperature of each model at various points throughout the day. What is an independent variable in this experiment?

The color of the siding

A chemist conducted an experiment in which they observed a chemical reaction under various temperatures. The chemist used the same substances in the same amounts for each reaction and only varied the heat applied for each reaction. The chemist recorded the duration and primary color of each reaction. What is a dependent variable in this experiment?

The primary reaction color

What is an example of a question that can be answered using an observational study?

Do elephants maintain consistent social roles within the herds?

A vehicle comes to a stop at a traffic light. How are speed and velocity affected?

Both velocity and speed change

An airplane makes a turn without slowing down. What is the change, if any, to the speed and velocity?

Velocity changes but speed does not.

An object is traveling at a velocity of 15 feet per second to the right. The object accelerates at 5 feet per second to the right for two seconds. What is the result?

The object is traveling to the right with a greater speed.

A gravitational force exists between two objects. Which change results in a decrease in the gravitational force?

The mass of one of the objects is cut in half.

The net force acting on a shopping cart doubles. What happens to the acceleration?

The acceleration increases.

A person is pulling a wagon with children inside. What happens to the acceleration if another child jumps inside of the wagon?

The acceleration decreases

A bow is pulled back and held before releasing an arrow. Which type of energy is primarily described in this scenario?

Elastic potential

A radio station sends out radio waves to listeners. Which type of energy is primarily described in this scenario?

Electromagnetic

A person starts skiing down a mountain. Which type of energy conversion occurs?

Gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy

Which type of energy conversion occurs when the suspension system on a vehicle is compressed over a bump?

Kinetic energy to potential energy

A lightbulb is plugged in and emits light. Which type of energy conversion occurs?

Electrical energy to electromagnetic energy

Which type of energy is stored in a rock at the edge of a cliff?

Gravitational potential energy

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the lowest energy?

Radio waves

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has waves that can be felt as warmth but not seen?

Infrared radiation

Which type of wave has wavelengths that are shorter than ultraviolet radiation but longer than gamma rays?

X-rays

A person taps a metal bowl to make a bell sound. What is the type of wave associated with this scenario?

Mechanical and longitudinal

Which type of wave oscillates perpendicular to the direction of its travel?

Transverse

What is the color that has the lowest frequency?

Red

What is a subatomic particle that has a very small mass compared to other subatomic particles?

Electron

What is formed when an atom gains an electron to have a net negative charge?

Ion

The metal potassium bonds with the nonmetal fluorine. Which type of bond forms that attractive force?

Ionic bond

The metal sodium bonds with other sodium atoms. Which type of bond forms the attractive force?

Metallic bond

What is one way that an atom can become an ion

By losing one electron

What is the method by which Se^2- forms?

The neutral atom gains two electrons.

What is a macroscopic property of a liquid?

It can be poured.

Which example represents a change from the liquid state of matter to the solid state of matter?

Magma from a volcano cools to become igneous rock.

What is an example of a chemical change?

Wood is burned in a fireplace.

What is one common characteristic of chemical changes to matter?

A new substance is formed.

What is one of the microscopic properties of the gas state of matter?

Particles with a high level of energy

Magma turns to solid rock after cooling. What is the associated phase change?

Freezing

Atoms and ions bond together into ordered crystal structures as thermal energy decreases.

Freezing/solidification

Rubidium (Rb)

Is a metal on the periodic table

What is the atomic number of an element based on?

The number of protons

Where is the atomic number of an element is usually located?

At the top of its individual box on the periodic table, directly above the element’s symbol

How many protons does the element cadmium (Cd) have?

48

Which element has 10 electrons in each neutral atom?

Neon (Ne)

What is the group to which gold (Au) belongs?

group 11

Which periodic group contains metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?

Group 15

Which characteristic is associated with inner planets?

Small

Inner planets

The four rocky planets closest to the sun.

What is one of the four outer planets?

Saturn

What holds each of the planets in orbit around the sun?

Gravity

What is a celestial body that emits light and is held together by its own gravity?

Star

What is responsible for the seasons experienced on Earth?

Earth’s tilt on its axis

What is the general location of comets in the solar system?

In the outer solar system

What is the layer of Earth that includes the ground surface?

Crust

Which scenario demonstrates physical weathering?

Tree roots crack rocks as they grow into cracks

What is one example of erosion?

A rain-induced mudslide removes a significant amount of the vegetation and soil from a hillside.

What is physical weathering?

The deterioration of rocks or soil based on mechanical processes

Farmland is gradually lost over time as land collapses and dirt falls into a river. Which process is occurring?

Erosion

A sandy beach is formed over time on an inside bend of a river meander. Which process is occurring?

Deposition

Which atmospheric layer is the densest?

Troposphere

Which atmospheric layer is where commercial aircraft fly?

Stratosphere

What is the layer of Earth’s atmosphere that is where auroras, or northern lights, appear?

Thermosphere

What is the layer of Earth’s atmosphere that transitions to outer space?

Exosphere

Which atmospheric layer is directly below the mesosphere?

Stratosphere

Clouds form when water in an air mass with low density rises and cools. The result is widespread cloudy conditions with no precipitation. Which type of weather pattern is responsible?

Low-pressure system

The speed of an object in a specific direction

Velocity

A scientist displays a poster of the solar system on their wall. What type of model is this?

conceptual

A 5th-grader builds a small-scale volcano for a science fair project. They use baking soda and vinegar to make the volcano erupt. What type of model is this?

physical

A physicist graphs the results of their experiment on a scatterplot. What type of model is this?

mathematical

Albert Einstein developed a detailed and far-reaching explanation of gravity being caused by the bending of space and time by the presence of matter. This explanation made far-reaching predictions of phenomena that were later confirmed, such as the bending of the path of light when the path passed close by a star. It is currently the basis for many phenomena observed in astronomy.

theory

Which of these describes a statement that has usually NOT yet been tested

hypothesis

Mass and acceleration are inversely related.
What classification best describes this statement?

law

A ten-year-old budding scientist studies how ants organize their colony in a glass terrarium that she keeps in her room. What type of experiment is the child performing?

laboratory-based observational study

A geologist hikes a portion of the Appalachian Trail and notes the angles of the sedimentary rocks. What type of experiment is the geologist performing?

field observational study

In a controlled experiment, which variable is changed by the scientist at the beginning of the experiment?

Independent variable

A jogger decides to test how the speed of the music they listen to will influence the time it takes them to run a mile. Over the course of several days, they run the mile ten different times along the same route, recording the time it takes to complete this. On each run, they listen to music with different beats per minute. For example, on the first run, the jogger listened to only music with a speed of 155 bpm. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

time to complete the mile (minutes)

A jogger decides to test how the speed of the music they listen to will influence the time it takes them to run a mile. Over the course of several days, they run the mile ten different times along the same route, recording the time it takes to complete this. On each run, they listen to music with different beats per minute. For example, on the first run, the jogger listened to only music with a speed of 155 bpm. 
What is the independent variable in this experiment?

speed of the music (bpm)

A jogger decides to test how the speed of the music they listen to will influence the time it takes them to run a mile. Over the course of several days, they run the mile ten different times along the same route, recording the time it takes to complete this. On each run, they listen to music with different beats per minute. For example, on the first run, the jogger listened to only music with a speed of 155 bpm. 

What is the controlled variable in this experiment?

route taken

As the force applied to a cart increases, so does the acceleration the cart is experiencing. What type of correlation is being described?

Direct Proportionality

In an inverse correlation, what happens to the second variable as the first increases?

The second variable will decrease.

During a certain portion of a long road trip, you travel at 55mph to the West. 
What is the term that describes "55mph West"?

velocity

In which scenario will the object experience an acceleration?

A racecar driver loops around an oval track at constant speed.

Which change in motion might be expected for an accelerating object?

All of the above might occur.

There is a zero net force acting on a moving motorcycle. What can be predicted about the motion of the motorcycle?

The motorcycle will maintain its current speed and direction.

For which case is there a non-zero net force acting on the object?

A rocket accelerates upward.

What is true for all objects experiencing balanced forces?

Their speed and direction will not change.

What law explains why a book at rest on a table does not fly into the air on its own?

Newton's First Law of Motion

If the net force acting on an object is halved, how will the acceleration change?

The acceleration will be half as much.

What will happen to a truck's acceleration if it is fully loaded with cargo, causing its total mass to double?

The acceleration will decrease by half.

Friction usually acts to oppose, or slow down, the velocity of objects. Which situation is an example of friction causing an increase in velocity?

A box sits on a flatbed truck, as the truck accelerates forward.

A brick is dragged across a concrete floor. What type of friction acts between the brick and the floor?

kinetic

Which scenario demonstrates static friction?

Tires grip the road. 

Why is an applied force necessary to keep most objects in our world moving at a constant velocity?

Because a frictional force opposing motion acts on most objects.

If the distance between the Earth and the Sun were decreased, how would the gravitational force between them change?

The gravitational force would increase.

As the mass of an object increases, what happens to the strength of its gravitational field?

It also increases.

In which scenario is work done? 

A person hikes a 1.2-mile trail in a local park.

What is the energy stored in a compressed spring called?

elastic potential energy

What is the energy stored in a compressed spring called?

elastic potential energy

If a rock is raised to twice its original height, what will happen to its gravitational potential energy?

increase

What type of energy is the light given off by the Sun?

electromagnetic

What is moving in electric energy for it to be classified as kinetic energy?

charged particles

A driver adds gasoline to their car before going on a road trip.What type of energy is the gasoline as it is being added into the car?

chemical