ABG Interpretation
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29 Terms
What is the normal pH range?
7.35 to 7.45
What is the normal PaCO2 range?
35 to 45 mmHg
What is the normal HCO3 range?
22 to 26 mEq/L
What is the order of buffers used for acid-base imbalance regulation?
Chemical buffers
Respiratory system
Renal system
What test is often performed before obtaining an ABG sample?
Allen test
What is seen in uncompensated respiratory acidosis?
Low pH, high CO2, normal HCO3
What is seen in partially compensated respiratory acidosis?
Low pH, high CO2, high HCO3
What is seen in fully compensated respiratory acidosis?
Normal (slightly low) pH, high CO2, high HCO3
What are some causes of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation (acute respiratory distress, asthma, COPD, pneumothorax, etc.)
What are some acute signs/symptoms of respiratory acidosis?
Confusion, lethargy, dyspnea, pale/cyanotic skin
What are some signs/symptoms of prolonged respiratory acidosis?
Polycythemia, high Hct, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure
What are some treatments for respiratory acidosis?
Oxygen, bronchodilators, mechanical ventilation
What is seen in uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?
High pH, low CO2, normal HCO3
What is seen in partially compensated respiratory alkalosis?
High pH, low CO2, low HCO3
What is seen in fully compensated respiratory alkalosis?
Normal (slightly high) pH, low CO2, low HCO3
What are some signs/symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation (anxiety, dizziness, SOB, chest pain, numbness in hands/feet)
What are some treatments for respiratory alkalosis?
Treat the underlying cause, breathe into paper bag to retain CO2
What is seen in uncompensated metabolic acidosis?
Low pH, normal CO2, low HCO3
What is seen in partially compensated metabolic acidosis?
Low pH, low CO2, low HCO3
What is seen in fully compensated metabolic acidosis?
Normal (slightly low) pH, low CO2, low HCO3
What are some causes of metabolic acidosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), kidney failure, starvation, diarrhea, dehydration, pancreatitis, liver failure, hypermetabolism (fever, seizure, etc.)
What are some signs/symptoms of metabolic acidosis?
Hypotension, tachycardia, weak pulses, GI upset (nausea/vomiting), arrhythmia (hyperkalemia), Kussmaul respirations (rapid, deep breaths), fruity breath, warm/flushed skin
What are some treatments for metabolic acidosis?
Sodium bicarbonate, IV fluids, insulin, hemodialysis
What is seen in uncompensated metabolic alkalosis?
High pH, normal CO2, high HCO3
What is seen in partially compensated metabolic alkalosis?
High pH, high CO2, high HCO3
What is seen in fully compensated metabolic alkalosis?
Normal (slightly high) pH, high CO2, high HCO3
What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis?
Antacid overdose, loss of body acid (prolonged vomiting) NG tube suctioning, diuretic therapy
What are some signs/symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?
Tachycardia, arrhythmia, muscle weakness, lethargy
What are some treatments for metabolic alkalosis?
Treat underlying cause, replace lost fluids and electrolytes