Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Inorganic Chemistry

Liberation

Active drug molecule released from dosage form.

Absorption

Movement of drug into the bloodstream.

Bioavailability

Amount of drug reaching bloodstream from dose.

Passive Transport

Movement across membranes without energy.

Endocytosis

Process of cellular intake via membrane engulfing.

Exocytosis

Process of cellular secretion via membrane fusion.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring movement of molecules across membranes.

Distribution

Transport of drug molecules through blood vessels.

Therapeutic Site of Action

Desired location where drug exerts effects.

Reservoir

Storage site for drugs, not actively used.

Unwanted Site of Action

Location where drug causes undesired effects.

Free Drug

Drug not bound to proteins or tissues.

Pharmacodynamics

Effects of drug on the body.

Pharmacokinetics

Body's processes affecting drug absorption and elimination.

Biotransformation

Conversion of drug into more excretable forms.

Excretion

Elimination of drugs from the body.

Renal Excretion

Elimination of drugs via the kidneys.

Capillary Excretion

Storage of drugs in bile for elimination.

Pulmonary Excretion

Elimination of drugs through the lungs.

Paracellular Transport

Transport occurring between adjacent cells.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

LADME

Processes: Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration across a membrane.

Electrochemical Gradient

Combined effect of concentration and charge.

Osmosis

Water movement from high to low concentration.

Fick's Law of Diffusion

Rate of diffusion proportional to concentration difference.

Permeability Coefficient

Measure of a membrane's permeability to a substance.

Sodium-Potassium ATPase

Pump maintaining sodium and potassium gradients.

Villi

Intestinal projections increasing surface area for absorption.

Ionization

Degree to which a substance dissociates into ions.

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation

Calculates pH based on ionization states.

Amphipathic Molecules

Molecules with both polar and nonpolar parts.

Cotransport

Simultaneous transport of multiple substances.

Symport

Transport of two substances in the same direction.

Antiport

Transport of two substances in opposite directions.

Solubility

Ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.

Surface Area

Area available for diffusion processes.

Unionized State

Form of a molecule not carrying a charge.

Lipid Mucosal Barrier

Membrane barrier affecting drug absorption.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport using channel proteins along gradient.

Pinocytosis

Cellular uptake of liquid substances.

Phagocytosis

Cellular uptake of large solid particles.

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Specific uptake via receptor binding.

Carrier-mediated Transport

Transport using specific proteins or channels.

Reversible Vesicle Transport

Bidirectional transport of receptors and proteins.

Primary Active Transport

Direct use of ATP to move substances.

Secondary Active Transport

Indirect use of ATP, involves symport or antiport.

Gated Channels

Channels that open under specific conditions.

Voltage-gated Channels

Open in response to electrical changes.

Ligand-gated Channels

Open when a specific molecule binds.

Mechanically-gated Channels

Open due to physical changes or pressure.

Metabolism

Biotransformation of substances for easier excretion.

Tissue Reservoirs

Storage sites for minerals and nutrients.

Drug Receptors

Molecules where drugs bind to elicit responses.

GPCR

G-protein coupled receptors; integral membrane proteins.

Signal Transduction

Conversion of signals into cellular actions.

Ligand

Molecule that binds to a receptor.

Transmembrane Receptors

Proteins spanning the plasma membrane.

Nuclear Receptors

Receptors located inside the cell nucleus.

Intracellular Receptors

Receptors within the cytoplasm of cells.

Autocrine Signaling

Cell signals itself as target.

Juxtacrine Signaling

Cell signaling to adjacent cells.

Paracrine Signaling

Cell signaling to nearby cells.

Endocrine Signaling

Cell signaling to distant target cells.

Antagonism

Binding that produces opposite effects.

Endogenous Ligands

Molecules produced by the body for receptors.

Exogenous Ligands

External molecules interacting with body receptors.

Competitive Inhibition

Ligands compete for the same receptor.

Pseudo-Irreversible Inhibition

Inhibitor permanently blocks receptor binding.

Allosteric Modulation

Binding alters receptor shape and function.

Affinity

Strength of binding between ligand and receptor.

Efficacy

Ability of a drug to produce an effect.

Potency

Concentration required to achieve a desired effect.

Transmembrane Non-Enzymatic Proteins

Proteins without enzymatic activity across membranes.

Intracellular Enzymes

Enzymes located within organelles of cells.

Agonism

Mimics endogenous ligands to produce effects.

Antagonistic Effect

Opposes or nullifies the effect of a ligand.

Lead Toxicity

Causes anemia through antagonistic effects.

Cortisol

Endogenous ligand affecting various physiological processes.

Prednisone

Exogenous ligand mimicking cortisol's effects.

Agonist

Substance producing the same effect as another.

Compound A

Binds receptor X to induce heartbeats.

Compound B

Also binds receptor X, causing heartbeats.

Dose Variability

Effects change based on dosage and administration.

Receptors

Proteins that bind ligands to trigger cellular responses.

Ion Channels

Facilitate ion movement across cell membranes.

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Open in response to ligand binding.

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Open based on membrane voltage differences.

Electrolytes

Maintain pH, ionic, and osmotic balance in the body.

Steady-State Balance

Dynamic equilibrium of input and output in systems.

Tonicity

Effect of solute concentration on cell volume.

Molarity

Concentration of solute in a solution.

Osmolarity

Total solute concentration in a solution.

Osmolality

Solute concentration per kilogram of solvent.

Positive Balance

Excess input overwhelms body's capacity.

Negative Balance

More output than input leads to deficiency.

Gatorade

Electrolyte drink developed for athlete performance.

Dr. Cade

Created Gatorade to address athlete hydration needs.

Electrolyte Levels

Measured through student sweat analysis.

Blood Sugar Levels

Low levels indicate potential health issues.