Origins of the 1st Crusade
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73 Terms
What date was the Battle of Manzikert?
26th August 1071
What year did Gregory VII become Pope?
1073
When was the People’s Crusade?
March-October 1096
When was the Siege of Nicaea?
14th May-18th June 1097
When was the 1st Battle of Dorylaeum?
1st July 1097
When was the Siege of Antioch?
October 1097-3rd June 1098
When did Baldwin establish Edessa?
March 1098
When was the Holy Lance discovered and by whom?
March 1098, by Peter Bartholomew
When was the Battle of Antioch?
28th June 1098
When was the Incident at Ma’rrat al-Numan?
November 1098
When was the Siege of Jerusalem?
June-July 1099
When was Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders?
15th July 1099
When did Henry III dismiss all candidates for Pope and appoint his own?
1046
Which document claimed that the Pope had temporal suzerainty over many regions?
The Donation of Constantine (it was a forgery)
When did Leo IX ascend to the title?
1049
When was the monastery at Cluny founded and by whom?
909, by Duke William of Aquitaine
Who was the first reformist pope?
Leo IX (1049-1054)
What did Cardinal Humbert Candida believe was the root of all evils in the church?
‘lay investiture’ (when secular rulers select candidates for bishops)
What decree did Candida enact that reinforced his views?
1059, a decree stating the Pope would be appointed by Cardinals
Who did the Papacy ally with when they were in need of an army?
Robert Guiscard and the Normans in 1059
When did Gregory VII first organise a Papal army?
1074, to aid the Byzantines
When was the Dictatus Papae introduced, and what was its significance?
March 1075, it contained a clause stating the Pope had the power to depose an emperor
What is the key difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims
Sunni believe that the Prophet’s successors were his companions, while Shia believe that it was his sister and brother-in-law (Fatima and Ali)
Who are the Caliphs?
the spiritual leaders of the Muslim community who have a symbolic role
Who are the Sultans?
The political leaders of the Muslim world
Who are the emirs?
They have political power, but less than the Sultan
When did Seljuks consolidate their power into Syria?
During the 1070s
When did Malik Shah die?
1092
When did Suleyman die?
4th June 1086
Who controlled the south and western territories?
Kilij Arslan
Who controlled North and Eastern Anatolia?
Danishmend
Who controlled the Northern areas of Syria?
Kerbogha of Mosul
When did the Fatimids take Jerusalem?
August 1098
When did Alexios begin his reign?
1081
When did Robert Guiscard die?
1085
When did Alexios defeat the Pechenegs?
April 1091
Who followed Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes as Byzantine Emperor?
Michael VII, Nicephorus, then Alexios
What were Alexios’ political strengths?
Appointed brother Isaac as ruler while he was away, took other powerful nobles away with him to prevent coups
Why was their tension between Alexios and the church?
Alexios replaced 2 Patriarchs and thus caused tension with the Church. He was excommunicated in 1081
What political weaknesses were there for Alexios?
The death of Suleyman and Malik Shah meant that the two Seljuk rulers who were more understanding and appreciative towards Byzantium were no longer in power.
political instability - a few coups
Kilij Arslan in 1094-5 started taking over power again in Nicaea
When did Pope Urban II become Pope?
Appointed 1088, only accessed the seat in 1093
When did Alexios send a letter to Urban requesting aid?
March 1095
When was the Council of Clermont?
November 1095
What three criteria was there for a sanctioned Holy War?
Achievement of a religious goal (Jerusalem), authorised by a religious leader (the Pope), spiritual reward (remission of sins)
When was the Peace of God movement established?
989
When was the Truce of God movement established?
mid-11th Century
What was the name of the Council where the Byzantines requested aid?
Council of Piacenza
When did Jerusalem fall into Seljuk hands?
637
When was the Great Schism?
1054
What was the price of going on Crusade?
4-6x that of a knight’s salary
How often did Flanders have a famine?
Roughly every 7 years
How many people signed up for Crusade but did not go?
For every 1 person who went, 3 signed up but didn’t go
How long was the march roughly from the Latin West?
3000 miles
How many people reached the Bosphorus during the 1st Crusade?
Roughly 60,000
When did Godfrey reach Alexios?
December 1096
How was Nicaea fortified?
3 mile long wall across 3 sides of the city, with towers every 13 metres
How many Crusaders vs How many Seljuks at the 1st Battle of Dorylaeum?
20,000 Crusaders vs 50,000 Seljuks
What was Bohemond’s quote from before the Battle of Dorylaeum?
“Stand fast, trusting in Christ and the Holy Cross; today, please God, may we all gain much plunder.”
How many Crusaders died at the battle of Dorylaeum?
4,000
When did Antioch fall to the Seljuks?
1085
Who was the governor of Antioch?
Yaghi-Siyan
How many people died at the Siege of Antioch?
1 in 2 people
When did the Crusaders gain access to Antioch?
3rd June 1098
Who was the leader of Cilicia before Baldwin arrived?
Thoros
How many people died when the Crusaders massacred the inhabitants of Jerusalem?
Anywhere between 40,000 and 70,000
When did Peter Bartholomew die and how?
April 1099, trial by fire
What act during the Siege of Jerusalem was done as an act of penance?
Circling city 7 times to mimic famed Battle of Jericho in the Bible story
What miracle was seen during the Siege of Jerusalem?
While the Fatimids took all the wood from outside the city walls, the Crusaders found 400 pieces of it miraculously
Who encouraged fasting for penance during the Battle of Antioch?
Adhemar Le Puy
When was Henry IV excommunicated the first time?
February 1076
When was Henry IV absolved (snow)?
Jan 1077
When was Henry IV excommunicated the 2nd time?
1080
How many knights settled in the Holy Land
Only 200 out of 1,200