General Chemistry Lecture Review: Chapters 1-6

Vocabulary flashcards covering core topics from the lecture transcript, including physical and chemical changes, energy states, physical properties, mass vs. weight, and scientific notation.

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Intermolecular forces

Forces between molecules that keep them close together in liquids and solids, which are overcome when a substance transitions to a gas.

Bonding forces

Strong forces holding individual molecules or particles together, defining the core chemical nature of a substance.

Physical change

A change in physical state or appearance where the chemical identity remains unchanged, typically reversible by heating or cooling.

Chemical change

A process that breaks or forms chemical bonds, changing the chemical composition of a substance into new substances.

Sublimation

The phase transition in which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state.

Law of Conservation of Energy

A fundamental law of thermodynamics stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted between different forms.

Potential energy

Stored energy associated with a system's structure or position, often corresponding to a less stable energy state.

Kinetic energy

The energy possessed by an object or particle due to its motion.

Hypothesis

A proposal or series of proposals formulated to explain an observation, which can be tested through controlled experiments.

Model (Theory)

A set of conceptual assumptions backed by experimental evidence that explains natural phenomena and can be refined through further testing.

Matter

Anything that possesses mass and occupies volume.

Physical property

A characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical identity, such as luster, state, or density.

Chemical property

A characteristic that describes a substance's capacity to undergo chemical changes, such as acidity or corrosiveness.

Intensive property

A property of a substance that is independent of the amount present, such as color, melting point, or boiling point.

Extensive property

A property of a substance that depends directly on the quantity of matter present, such as mass or volume.

Mass

An intrinsic measure of the amount of matter in an object, which remains constant regardless of the gravitational field.

Weight

The force exerted on an object's mass by a gravitational field, which varies depending on location.

Scientific notation

A method of writing very large or very small numbers as a product of a coefficient and 10 raised to an integer exponent ($c \times 10^n$).

Mega ($M$)

A metric prefix representing a multiplication factor of $10^6$ or 1,000,000.