BIOL 190- Chapter 1 *An Introduction To Biology* :)

what is biology

the study of life

what principles of biology define the basic features of life

1-6

describe the first principle of biology

Cells are the simplest units of life

foundation of biology = cell theory

describe the second principle of biology- energy and matter

energy and matter; Living organisms use energy and are composed of matter

*organisms need energy to maintain internal order*

ex: energy is used in chemical reactions known as metabolism , plants hang in light to produce their own photosynthesis ,

describe is the third principle of biology- environment interactions

Living organisms interact with their environment

describe the fourth principle of biology- homeostasis

Living organisms maintain homeostasis

ex: body temp in mammal vs reptile

describe the fifth principle of biology - genetic material

genetic material allows a blueprint that allows organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce. Due to transmission of genetic material offspring have traits of their parents

describe the sixth principle of biology- evolution

Evolution; populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next and are related through evolutionary history. All living organisms contain DNA which is the genetic information

*evolution results in traits that promote survival and reproduction which changes overtime*

describe the seventh principle of biology- structure/function

structure and function; structural features of living organisms determine function

ex: webbed feet (structure) determines swimming paddles (function)

describe the eighth principle of biology- emergent properties

emergent properties; new properties emerge from complex interactions

ex: human eyes have many types of cells that are organized to sense incoming light and transmit signals to the brain

describe the ninth principle of biology- experiments

experimentation; biology is a experimental science

describe the tenth principle of biology- quantitative

Quantitive Analysis; biology is a quantitive science (biologists use math)

describe the eleventh principle of biology- modeling

scientific model or modeling; biologists use models and simulations to test experimental predictions

what is the twelfth principle of biology - society

biology and society; biology effects society

the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect have similar shapes, what principle of biology does this observation pertain to ?

structure determines function

which of the following is the most complex level of organization

a. organism

b. tissue

c. community

d. population

community

what is the cell theory

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

describe deoxyribonucleic acid

means DNA which provides a blueprint for organization and development, DNA is heritable

what are genes and what are most transcribed to

segments of DNA ; ribonucleic acid molecule (RNA) called mRNA which is then translated into a poly peptide

what is a protein

one or more polypeptides, the structure and function are largely responsible for traits of living organisms

describe the order of how living organisms can be analyzed at different levels of biological complexity starting from smallest level of organization to larger and more complex levels

1. atoms

2. molecules and macromolecules

3. cells

4. tissues

5. organs

6. organ systems

7. organisms

8. population

9. community

10. ecosystem

11. biosphere

nemonic device: "aunt Molly's crazy turtle ordered orange spaghetti, proudly cooking every bite"

what is an atom

the smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of the element

molecules/macromolecules

atoms bond to form molecules

smaller molecules bond together to form macromolecules

what are cells

molecules/macromolecules associate with each other to form structures such as cells. a cell is surrounded by a membrane

a cell is the simplest unit of life

what are tissues

cells associate with each other to form tissues

what are organs

composed of 2 or more types of tissues and carry out a specific function

what are organ systems

organs are typically part of a larger system

ex: circulatory system

what are organisms

all living things can be called organisms

organisms belong to a species

what is a population

a group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment

what is a community

different species that live in the same environment

what is a ecosystem

formed by interactions between a community of organisms and its physical environment

What is the biosphere

all the places on Earth where living organisms exist

evolutionary changes occur by what 2 mechanisms

vertical descent with mutation and horizontal gene transfer

what is a lineage

progression of changes in a series of ancestors

what is vertical evolution

new species evolve from pre-existing ones by the accumulation of mutations, vertical descent with mutation involves transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring

what is the most common way for genes to be transferred

in a vertical manner (transfer from mother to daughter cell or via gametes)

what is horizontal gene transfer

process by which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being a off spring of that organism

*common in microbes and can occur between different species*

what is an example of horizontal gene transfer

the transfer of an antibiotic resistance gene from one bacterial species to another

what is biological evolution

gene changes in populations over many generations

what is the scientific method

series of steps to test the validity of a hypothesis. This approach often involves a comparison between control and experimental groups

what is a hypothesis

a proposed examination of a natural phenomenon. its a proposition based on other observations and experimental studies

what are the characteristics of a useful hypothesis

it makes predictions that can be shown as correct or incorrect

it should be testable (shown as consistent or inconsistent)

it should be falsifiable (shown as incorrect) if hypothesis is correct then scientist fail to reject the hypothesis

a hypothesis is never really proven but always rather provisional

what is a theory

a broad examination of some aspect of the natural world sustained by a lot of evidence. theories allow us to make predictions

theories are viewed as knowledge

theory vs hypothesis

A hypothesis is either a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon, or a reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena.

a theory is a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors.

what are the 2 key attributes to scientific theory

consistency with a vast amount of known data and the ability to make correct predictions

5 steps of hypothesis testing

1. observations: lead to a testable hypothesis

2. hypothesis

3. experimentation

4. data: analyzed

5. conclusion (is hypothesis rejected?)

key difference between the scientific method and discovery based science

discovery based science does not require a hypothesis

populations change over the course of generations. many of theses changes increase survival and reproduction, this phenomenon is called ....

evolution

in homo sapiens what does homo refer to

the genus

what is the underlying factor that explains the unity and diversity in modern species

evolution

in science a theory should....

be equated with knowledge, be supported by a large amount of evidence and provide the ability to make correct predictions

rank the following from lowest level of complexity to highest

human heart

protein

everything in a mountain valley

school of dolphins

skin cell

living species in a small pond

carbon atom

muscle tissue

a carbon atom, a protein, a skin cell, muscle tissue, human heart, school of dolphins, living species in a small pond, everything in a mountain valley

how is it possible for evolution to result in unity among different species yet also produce diversity

unity is due to related ancestors

diversity is due to different environments

what organizational level would you classify death valley

ecosystem

whats the difference between an ecosystem and a community

an ecosystem is living and non living stuff whereas a community is just living stuff

what is unity

refers to the common characteristic displayed by all forms of life (principle 1-6)

what is diversity and why is it important

the many different forms of unicellular and multicellular life due to evolution

*diversity helps prevent extinction*

describe vertical descent with mutation in elephants

elephants with tusks are more likely to be poached so trunkless elephants live longer and reproduce with more success meaning the future populations will have fewer individuals with tusks *artificial selection*

describe the 2 types of evolution

natural selection = results in adaptations that favor reproductive success

Artificial= human driven

what is an adaptation

characteristics that is the result of natural selection, they affect survival and reproduction

describe the mode of evolution in animals vs in bacteria

animals = vertical

bacteria = horizontal

Melanie suffered an antibiotic resistant bacterial infection shortly after following a knee replacement. she was told her natural skin bacteria aquired antibiotic resistance genes from bacteria on a surgical tool through a microbial process called ______________

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the vertical transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.

what is taxonomy

the grouping of species based on common ancestry

what are the largest groups for the three domains of life

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

what is bacteria

unicellular prokaryote, DNA not housed in a nucleus

What is archea?

unicellular prokaryote, DNA not housed in a nucleus, live in extreme enviorments

what is eukarya

unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, DNA housed in nucleus

list the classification of living things

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

nemonic: king phillip came over for great spaghetti

cell biologists vs molecular biologists

cell biologists: use microscopes to learn how cells function

molecular biologists: study molecules and macromolecules that make u cells

what is discovery based science

involves the collection and analysis of data without having a preconceived hypothesis

goal: to gather info

how is the study of cystic fibrosis an example of discovery based science and hypothesis testing

discovery based science found the gene that causes CF

observations led to the hypothesis that the CF gene is encoded in transport proteins which lead to experiments to test normal cells , found effective in chloride transport and transferring formal CF in the the cell corrects the deficit

this past spring a farmer planted seeds called group 1 that she saved from a single parents plant from previous seasons this year at harvest she saved the seeds (group 2) from a single plant that produced the sweetest fruit

what can you say about the adaptations, cell DNA, and future of the plants

- the farmer artificially selected the plants

- one plant produced many seeds and come contain variations in DNA

- next year the farmer should expect to harvest a greater amount of sweet fruit

T/F if a hypothesis is suppourted no further experiments are needed

false

T/F a hypothesis is a proposed idea whereas a theory is a broad explanation backed by extensive research

true

T/F you are looking at cells under a microscope they appear to be many multi cellular cell communities the observation is evidence that you are looking at eukaryotic cells

false because bacteria can also live in multicellular communities

T/F after staining cells for DNA you observe the DNA is not stored in a sub compartment, this observation is evidence you are looking at bacterial cells

true