BYU ANATOMY LECTURE EXAM 1

anatomy

The study of body structure

physiology

The study of body function

gross anatomy

visible with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

visible with a microscope

integumentary system

organ system composed of hair, skin and nails

skeletal system

organ system composed of cartilage, bones, and joints

muscular system

organ system composed of tendons and skeletal muscles

nervous system

organ system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

endocrine system

organ system composed of the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, testes/ovaries, etc.

cardiovascular system

organ system composed of the heart and blood vessels

lymphatic system

organ system composed of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels, etc.

respiratory system

organ system composed of the nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, etc.

digestive system

organ system composed of the stomach, liver, gall bladder, intestines, etc.

urinary system

organ system composed of the kidneys and urinary bladder

male reproductive system

organ system composed of the epididymis and testes

female reproductive system

organ system composed of the mammary glands, ovaries, and uterus

integumentary system

organ system whose functional purpose is to enclose internal structures and has sensory receptors

skeletal system

organ system whose functional purpose is to support the body structurally.

muscular system

organ system whose functional purpose is to enable movement and help maintain body temperature

nervous system

organ system whose functional purpose is to detect and process sensory info and activate responses

endocrine system

organ system whose functional purpose is to secrete hormones and regulate bodily processes

cardiovascular system

organ system whose functional purpose is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalize body temperature

lymphatic system

organ system whose functional purpose is to return fluid to the blood and defend against pathogens

respiratory system

organ system whose functional purpose is to remove carbon dioxide from the body and deliver oxygen to the blood

digestive system

organ system whose functional purpose is to process food for use by the body and remove wastes from undigested food

urinary system

organ system whose functional purpose is to control water balance in the body and remove wastes from the blood out of the body (excreted)

male reproductive system

organ system whose functional purpose is to produce sex hormones and gametes and deliver gametes to the female

female reproductive system

organ system whose functional purpose is to produce sex hormones and gametes, support the embryo/fetus until birth, and produce milk for the infant

proximal

DIRECTION:
towards from the origin (limbs)

distal

DIRECTION:
away from the origin (limbs)

sagittal

vertical plane separating left and right (cross-section)

coronal

vertical plane separating front and back (cross-section)

transverse

horizontal plane (cross-section)

oblique

an angled plane (cross-section)

frontal

region of the forehead

cranial

region of the skull (top of head)

facial

region of the face

oral

region of the mouth

mental

region of the chin

axillary

region of the armpit

brachial

region of the upper arm

antecubital

region of the anterior elbow ("elbow-pit")

antebrachial

region of the forearm

carpal

region of the wrist

pollex

region of the thumb

palmar

region of the palm

phalangeal

region of the fingers

patellar

region of the kneecap

crural

region of the shin (anterior)

tarsus

region of the ankle

phalangeal

region of the toes

hallux

region of the big toe

orbital (ocular)

region of the eye

buccal

region of the cheek

otic

region of the ear

nasal

nose

cervical

region of the neck

thoracic

region of the chest (anterior)

mammary

region of the breast

abdominal

region of the abdomen

umbilical

region of the navel

coxal

region of the hip

pelvic

region of the pelvis

inguinal

region of the groin

pubic

region of the pubis (genitals?)

femoral

region of the upper leg

pedal

region of the foot (whole foot)

cephalic

region of the head (whole head)

acromial

region of the shoulder

dorsal

region of the upper back

olecranal

region of the elbow

lumbar

region of the mid-back

sacral

region of the lower back

manual

region of the whole hand

gluteal

region of the buttock (the butt...)

popliteal

region of the back of the knee ("knee-pit")

sural

region of the calf (posterior)

calacaneal

region of the heel (posterior foot)

plantar

region of the underfoot (inferior or distal foot)

dorsal body cavity

contains the most posterior cavities

ventral body cavity

contains the most anterior cavities

abdominopelvic cavity

cavity containing the abdominal and pelvic cavities, also separated into 4 quadrants

thoracic cavity

cavity containing the mediastinum, pleural and pericardial cavities

pelvic cavity

cavity containing the bladder and internal reproductive organs

pleural cavity

cavity containing the lungs

superior mediastinum

cavity containing the trachea, esophagus, and thymus

pericardial cavity

cavity containing the heart. Also , this cavity is technically part of the mediastinum, but NOT the "superior" mediastinum.

cranial cavity

cavity containing the brain

vertebral cavity

cavity containing the spinal cord

Right upper quadrant

contains the liver and gall bladder

Right lower quadrant

contains intestine, appendix, and bladder

Left upper quadrant

contains the stomach, spleen, and pancreas

left lower quadrant

contains the intestine and bladder ONLY.

mucous membrane

Tissue MEMBRANE TYPE that lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. the “sticky areas of the body”

serous membrane

Tissue MEMBRANE TYPE that lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

cutaneous membrane

Tissue MEMBRANE TYPE that makes up the outer skin

synovial membrane

Tissue MEMBRANE TYPE that lines cavities of the joints producing joint fluid.

visceral layer

layer nearest the organ

parietal layer

layer furthest from the organ (closest the cavity wall)

serous fluid

the contents of the serous membrane sac meant to reduce friction of organ movement