Digestivesystem

functions of digestive system

digestion, absorption, elimination

mastication

the process of chewing

incisors

Sharp front teeth that cut food

cuspids

Canines, have sharp points to tear food and have the longest root than any other teeth.

bicuspids

premolars for crushing

molars

Back teeth that grind food

salivary glands

glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

palate

the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities

uvula

a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

esophagus

muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

stomach

an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal

digestive enzymes

proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds pepsin, hydrocloric acid

how long does it take for the stomach to empty?

4-6 hours after a meal

enteroendocrine glands

Secrete hormone, gastrin (Into the lamina propria not the pit)

parietal cells

Cells found in gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid (for hydrolysis of ingested food) and gastric intrinsic factor (for absorption of vitamin B-12).

pepsinogen

precursor of pepsin

alkaline mucus

Coats the lining of the stomach

rennin

an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice coagulates milk

duodenum

first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

jejunum

Second part of the small intestine

ileum

Third part of the small intestine

villi

tiny, finger-like structures that protrude from the wall of the intestine

pancreas

located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen, and it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon

pancreatic enzymes

digestive proteins found in pancreatic secretions that breakdown all organic nutrients

liver

organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood

bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles stored in gall bladder

vitamin produced by liver

vit K needed for coagulation of blood

gallbladder

a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

large intestine

the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

chyme

a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum

cecum

first part of the large intestine

appendix

small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum

ascending colon

portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum

transverse colon

Part of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdomen

descending colon

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

sigmoid colon

portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum

rectum

the terminal section of the alimentary canal

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

fecal transplant

This is a way to help treat a patient who is having recurrent episodes of C. Diff. It is a bacteriotherapy.

clostridium difficile

Bacteria caused by an overgrowth of norma flora as a result of multiple antibiotics or contact with the organism with poor hand hygiene.

how much flatus is produced per day?

1-3 pints

ingestion

the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)

digestion

the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body

secretion

the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance

absorption

the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion

excretion

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

anorexia

decreased or poor appetite

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat

caries

cavities

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gall bladder

symptoms of cholecystitis

-Pain is always present and is located in RUQ or epigastrium; it may radiate to the right shoulder or scapula (BOAS SIGN)

-n/v/anorexia

cholelithiasis

gallstones

cleft palate

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

cirrhosis

chronic disease charaterized by degeneration of liver tissue most oftern caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho = yellow)

leading cause of cirrhosis

alcoholism

constipation

Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet

obstipation

severe constipation resulting from an obstruction in the intestines

diarrhea

frequent and watery bowel movements

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD

backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin

hepatitis A

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water

hepatitis B

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

hepatitis C

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually

hepatitis D

MUST COEXIST WITH HEPATITIS B, transmitted by blood and body fluids, prophylaxis: hygiene, blood donor screening, disposable equipment, no sharing of personal items, sterilization of instrumetns,condom use

hepatitis E

A virus spread via fecal-oral transmission (contaminated water) especially in developing countries

Irritable bowel syndrome

a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea

peptic ulcer

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

water soluble vitamins

C,B

electrolytes

mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, that are normally found in the blood