t2 lec7

What factors historically protected natural resources?

Inaccessibility and the idea that the “first person there wins” (e.g., Oklahoma Land Rush 1889).

What are the modern-day issues involving humans and resources?

Finite resources, conflicting uses, scale of space, and boundary challenges

Why is management needed for natural resources?

Because human demands and limited resources require regulation to avoid overuse or conflict.

What is species-based management?

Governmental regulation focused on protecting specific species.

What are characteristics of community-based management?

Species-specific, provides community benefits, uses local knowledge and responsibility, but is difficult to scale up.

What are ecosystem-based management and nature-based solutions?

Broader approaches focusing on managing entire ecosystems rather than individual species.

What is the structure of protected spaces in governance?

International agreement → Directive → National policy → Law.

What are some UK marine/environmental designations?

• Marine Scotland Act

• Special Areas of Conservation

• Special Protection Areas

• Sites of Special Scientific Interest

• Ramsar Sites

Which EU policies relate to environmental protection?

• Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008)

• Habitats/Birds Directive (1979, 1992, 2009)

• Common Fisheries Policy (1970–2013)

• Water Framework Directive (2000)

• REACH Directive

What is Natura 2000?

A network of protected sites covering 18% of EU territory, including 26,000 terrestrial and marine sites and 1000+ endangered species.

What values do protected spaces aim to preserve?

Natural and cultural value.

What are the marine zones shown in the lecture?

• Inland waters (“baseline”)

• Territorial waters

• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

• High Seas

What is a Marine Protected Area (MPA)?

A protected space designated to conserve marine features and ecosystems.

What are the requirements for designating an MPA?

• Identification based on presence of key features

• Prioritisation based on qualities of features

• Assessing scale needed to maintain integrity

• Assessing ability to effectively manage features

• Prioritisation by contribution to the MPA network

What difficulties exist in establishing MPAs?

• Hard to find baseline data

• Insufficient data to nominate sites

• Conflicts between different users

• Regulatory and monitoring challenges

What are examples of societal (non-legislative) approaches to conservation?

• Public awareness and education

• Corporate/market initiatives

• Community and citizen action

• Media, culture, and communication

what is a summary of everything?

• Ecosystem-based spatial management is the best path forward

• Policy-makers make decisions but scientists supply information and the public has a voice

• Reserve names are based on legislation establishing protected status

• Challenges come from enforcement and conflicting stakeholder needs

• Many UK environmental policies originated from EU directives but must be enacted through UK law