EDUC 220 Mid Term 1

The mental process of re-arranging or re-categorizing knowledge to be more internally consistent is called ______ .

organization

Theories that update and modify Piaget's ideas to accommodate current, evidence-based understandings of cognition are called ______ theories.

Neo-Piagetian

The ability of the brain to change in response to experience or damage is called ______ .

Plasticity

Devices and symbol systems disseminated within a society that enable people to reason, communicate, and solve problems are called .

Cultural tools

Support for a task that is withdrawn as the child becomes more capable of independently completing the task is called .

Scaffolding

The theory of human development which explains how a community's belief and practices are transmitted through interactions with knowledgeable others is called theory.

Sociocultural

Making plans to achieve a goal, focusing attention, coordinating actions, and inhibiting impulsive reactions are all ______ functioning skills.

Executive

When children exchange talk that is not meaningfully related or communicative they are engaging in a .

Collective monologue

The mental process of finding a balance between our cognitive structures and information from the environment is ______ .

Equilibration

Modifying an existing scheme or creating a new scheme in response to new information is .

Accommodation

Cognitive structures that organize knowledge and shape our memories and perceptions are called .

Schemas

Genetically-programmed developmental change is called .

Maturation

In Vygotsky's theory, self-talk is called .

Private speech

Knowledge is said to be ______ when those who share the knowledge interact and contribute to its creation.

Co-constructed

Storing new information in existing schemes is .

assimilation

Ages or stages during which particular developmental changes are promoted more readily by experience are called ______ periods.

Sensitive

An unsatisfying imbalance between our cognitive structures and information from the environment is called .

Disequilibrium

Learning that occurs as a result of scaffolding is ______ learning.

Assisted

Ways that the environment and genetics interact to alter the course of development are called ______ .

Coactions

The category of tasks which a child can master if given help and support is called the zone of __________ development.

Proximal

The stage of moral development in which children see rules as absolute and judge others' actions by consequences rather than intentions is called moral .

Realism

The general, affect-laden judgement that a person makes about their own ability, behavior and personality is called .

self-esteem

A person who can imagine what someone else might think and feel about a situation is said to have _______ ability.

Perspective-taking

The stage of moral development in which children understand that rules are social conventions that can be made and changed by people is called morality of .

Cooperation

A person's beliefs about their own abilities, attitudes, emotions and goals is their .

Self-concept

The thinking that leads to judgements about what is right or wrong is called moral .

Reasoning

Offensive action intended to harm another person is called ________ aggression.

Hostile

Families that include children, grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins living together or in daily contact are called _______ families.

Extended

Offensive action directed toward gaining an object or privilege is called _________ aggression.

Instrumental

Offensive action that threatens or commits harm to social status, reputation, or connections is called _______ aggression.

Relational

A system of principled beliefs about how to divide goods or privileges among people is called .

Distributive justice

Families that include step-parent and step-children relationships as a result of remarriage are called ______ families.

Blended

Offensive action that threatens or commits a physical attack is called ___________ aggression.

Overt

Groups of children or adolescents who develop rules about clothing, hair, musical preference, or behavior are called ______ cultures.

Peer

Situations in which no possible moral choice is unequivocally right are called moral .

Dilemmas

The ways identified by Baumrind by which parents guide, monitor and control children are called .

Parenting styles

A child who recognizes that others have their own knowledge, feelings, goals and desires is said to have a ______________ of mind.

Theory

Commonly followed rules and etiquette that guide social interactions are called .

Social conventions

Children are said to ______ morality when they cognitively integrate the moral values and principles of those around them.

Internalize

The bond formed between primary caregiver and child is called .

Attachment

The disorder characterized by difficulty in sustaining mental concentration, impulsiveness, and overactivity is called ______/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit

The part of the Canadian constitution which protects the rights of Canadians' with disabilities is called the Charter of Rights and ______

Freedoms

The preparation of high school students with developmental disability to live and work in the community is called _____

Transition Programming

The developmental disability that significantly reduces a child's motivation and ability to communicate and share feelings with others is called _____

Autism

A child with a ______ of 12 has the intellectual ability of an average 12-year old

Mental Age

The belief, acquired from experience, that one's efforts always fail is called ______

Learned helplessness

Conduct disorder and anxiety-withdrawal disorder are two types of ______ and behavioral disorders

Emotional

Principles for designing learning environments and resources so they can be accessed by all learners including those who have disabilities are called ______ designs for learning

Universal

The ratio of mental age to chronological age was the original definition of the ______

Intelligence quotient

A program designed to meet the specific needs of an exceptional student is called an ______ education program

Individualized

Children who have significant difficulties with reading, writing or mathematics, and who have no developmental disability, may have a ______ disability

Learning

The type of cognitive ability that is developed through experience and education is called _____ intelligence

Crystallized

Disabilities characterized by exceptionally low intellectual functioning identified before the age of 18 are called _____ disabilities

Developmental

The practice of distributing exceptional children into regular education classrooms is called ______

Inclusion

Meeting the specific educational needs of exceptional children in a way that integrates them as much as possible into regular education classrooms is called least _____ placement

Restrictive

The development of abilities such as forming positive relationships with others, coping with stressful situations, and managing one's feelings is called ______ learning

Social emotional

The type of cognitive ability that is non-verbal, independent of cultural experience and grounded in brain development is called ______ intelligence

Fluid

The central factor in cognitive ability that relates to many different types of ability is represented by the single letter ____

g

The gradual rise in measured intelligence throughout the 20th century is called the ______

Flynn effect

Gardner's idea that there are at least eight fundamental abilities is known as the theory of ________ intelligences

Multiple

A researcher who takes part in a groups' activities as a way of studying the group is using the __________ research method.

Participant observation

An explanation for a phenomenon that attempts to account for prior observations and predict future observations is called a ______ .

theory

An event that occurs by chance and not according to any rule is said to be ________ .

random

The type of research that investigates the culture of a group by studying how group members interpret the events that happen in their lives is called .

Ethnography

When a high value on one variable tends to co-occur with a low value on another variable, the relationship between the two variables is a ______ correlation.

negative

Research that systematically alters variables and observes their effects is called

Experimental

A research result unlikely to occur by chance is said to be .

Statistically significant

A number ranging from -1.00 to 1.00 that statistically describes the relationship between two variables is a .

Correlation

An investigation focused on one person, organization, or event is called a _______ study.

case

A teacher who tries to improve her teaching by thinking back over what happens in her classroom and analyzing how she and her students interact is a ________ teacher.

reflective

A judgement, question or claim that can be settled by referring to data is said to be ________ .

Empirical

Studies that observe subjects over time, often a number of years, to investigate how they change or develop are called ______ studies.

Longitudinal

A prediction based on a theory is called a ________ .

Hypothesis

Instruction that is adjusted to fit students' capabilities and prior knowledge is called ______ instruction.

differentiated

A researcher who makes detailed observations of a subject undergoing a change in a cognitive process over a number of days is conducting _________ research.

Microgenetic

Teachers who carry out systematic observations or testing to improve their instructional practice are conducting __________ research.

Action

The relationship between height and weight is an example of a _________ correlation.

positive

Studies which investigate the effects of an educational treatment by comparing a treatment group to a control group without randomly assigning participants to the groups are called ________ studies.

Quasi-experimental

Studies that observe subjects of different ages all at one time are called __________studies.

Cross sectional

To be apprehensive about confirming a negative stereotype is to experience .

stereotype threat

An infant and a parent focusing on the same thing at the same time is called ______ .

joint attention

To say "gooses" instead of "geese" is to ______ .

Overregularize

The ability to persist, adapt and thrive under adverse circumstances is called .

Resilience

Prejudging a category of people (usually based on unsupported generalizations) is called .

Prejudice

Skills that develop in the preschool years and that contribute to children's success in learning to read are called ______ literacy.

emergent

The personal sense you have of your own gender is your gender ______ .

identity

The language used in Tony's home or extended family is his ______ language.

heritage

Children who immigrated to Canada at an early age are referred to as ______ .

generation 1.5

The set of words you can understand when reading or listening is your ______ vocabulary.

Receptive

The theory that students from some ethnic groups perform poorly because their culture offers inadequate preparation for academic success is called the cultural _________model.

Deficit

A widely held generalization (i.e., a schema) about a group of people is called a .

stereotype

The conceptual structures that guide our understanding of gender are called gender ______ .

Schemas

The set of words you can use when speaking is your ______ vocabulary.

expressive

The formal term for "motherese" or "baby talk" is ______ speech.

Child-directed

Values and attitudes which reject majority culture and academic success are called .

Resistance culture

Someone who stays on topic during a conversation is using one of the rules of ______ .

pragmatics

Being able to talk about language demonstrates ______ awareness.

Metalinguistic

The wealth and prestige of a person, relative to others in society, is called .

Socioeconomic status

Assigning students to classes according to their academic performance is called

Tracking

Providing a consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior is called ______ reinforcement.

Positive