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Reconstruction
The effort to rebuild the South and integrate freed slaves into American society.
Ten Percent Plan
Abraham Lincoln’s plan requiring 10% of Southern voters to pledge loyalty to the Union and accept emancipation.
Black Codes
Laws enacted in the South to restrict African American freedoms after the Civil War.
Impeachment
The process of charging a public official with misconduct in office, leading to potential removal.
Radical Republicans
A faction within the Republican Party that pushed for civil rights and stricter terms for Southern readmission.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
First law to grant citizenship and equal rights to African Americans.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Laws that divided the South into military districts and enforced new state constitutions.
13th Amendment (1865)
Amendment that abolished slavery in the United States.
14th Amendment (1868)
Amendment granting citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons.
15th Amendment (1870)
Amendment prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Federal agency that provided assistance with food, education, and legal matters to freed slaves.
Hiram Revels
First African American U.S. Senator, representing Mississippi.
Blanche K. Bruce
First African American U.S. Senator, serving from Mississippi.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
A white supremacist group that used violence to intimidate African American voters and promote segregation.
Enforcement Acts (1870-1871)
Laws aimed at curbing KKK activities and protecting African American rights.
Sharecropping
A labor system where freedmen worked land in exchange for a share of the crop.
Debt Peonage
A system where workers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid.
Tenant Farming
A farming system where tenants work land for a portion of the crops, offering more independence than sharecropping.
Compromise of 1877
Agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election and marked the end of Reconstruction.
Rutherford B. Hayes
President who took office following the Compromise of 1877.
Redeemer Governments
Southern Democratic governments that sought to restore white supremacy and reduce African American rights.
Conquering the West
Chapter discussing the late 19th-century westward expansion and its impacts.
Manifest Destiny
The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward and spread democracy.
Homestead Act (1862)
Legislation providing 160 acres of land to settlers willing to improve it for five years.
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
Law that funded the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad.
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
A Colorado militia attack on a Cheyenne and Arapaho village, resulting in over 150 deaths.
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)
A clash where Native American forces defeated General Custer's cavalry.
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Event marking the end of armed Native resistance, where hundreds of Lakota Sioux were killed.
Dawes Act (1887)
Legislation aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allocating individual plots of land.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Law that prohibited Chinese labor immigration to the United States.
Exodusters
African Americans who migrated to the West post-Civil War to escape discrimination.
Boomtowns
Towns that developed rapidly around mining sites during mineral booms.
Chisholm Trail
A cattle drive route from Texas to Kansas that connected ranches to railroads.
Buffalo
Animal that was overhunted, devastating Native American ecosystems and economies.
Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis (1893)
A theory that argued the frontier shaped American democracy and individualism.
Morrill Act (1862)
Established land-grant colleges for promoting agricultural education.
Myth of the Wild West
The romanticized image of the American West often depicted in popular culture.
Reality of the Wild West
Life in the West characterized by hardship, economic struggles, and frequent violence.
Desert Land Act (1877)
Legislation encouraging settlement of arid lands in the West.
Environmental Impact of Westward Expansion
Lasting changes to landscapes due to mining, railroads, and deforestation.
