history midterm

What is a primary source and some examples of it?

original first hand account
- letters, maps, journals, photographs

What is a secondary source and some examples of it?

interprets a primary source
- textbooks, articles, documentaries, encyclopedias

What is the meaning of APPARTS?

"format for dissecting and analyzing sources"

What does each letter in APPARTS stand for?

A: author
P: place/time
P: prior knowledge
A: audience
R: reason
T: the main idea
S: significance

What were the 3 origins of the Renaissance?

1. Crusades spurred demand for Middle Eastern goods
2. Newly acquired trade and wealth
3. Plague led to a demand for labor (serfs went to cities for work)

What does Renaissance mean?

a rebirth or revival

How did the worldview change during the Renaissance?

there was new emphasis on individual achievement

What was the difference between Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture?

- Renaissance art was more realistic, used perspective, human bodies, etc.
- Architecture wasn't Gothic like the medieval times, used columns, arches, domes.

Who created the printing press?

Johannes Gutenberg

What were some major results of creation of the printing press?

1. Books were published quicker and less expensively
2. Ideas spread quicker

What was the philosophy of Machiavelli (Morality and politics):

- The ends justify the means
- It is better to be feared than loved

What was the state of the Catholic Church leading to the Protestant Reformation?

- popes competed for political power
- clergy was a lavish lifestyle
- patrons of the art
- money came from fees and indulgences

What what the selling of indulgences?

release from part/all punishment from sin by the Catholic Church
- obtained in exchange for donation

What was the 95 Theses?

- arguments against the sale of indulgences
- posted on front of Wittenburg church

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

each prince decided which religion to follow by his people
- due to the Holy Roman Empire forcing Lutheran princes to rejoin Catholic Church

What is Predestination?

belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)

Why did Henry VIII want an annulment?

- he wanted a male heir to his throne
- he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn

Why did Henry VIII start the Church of England?

- the Pope would not grant him an annulment

What was the Act of Supremacy?

declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"

Who was Saint Thomas More?

- refused to follow the Act of Supremacy
- executed for treason

What were some religious changes made by Henry VIII?

- closed convents and monasteries
- english bible
- kept many Catholic forms of worship

What was the religion of Queen Mary, and how she got her nickname (bloody mary)?

- she wanted to return England to Catholicism
- nickname came from her having hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake

What was the main focus of the Catholic Reformation?

1. Reform corruption
2. Renew Spirituality

What did the Council of Trent accomplish?

- forbid sale of indulgences
- condemned clergy greed
- identified corruption

Who founded the Jesuit Order/Society of Jesus?

St. Ignatius and St. Francis Xavier

What were the goals of the society of Jesus (Jesuits)?

education and missionary work
- St. Charles Borromeo: started colleges/seminaries to properly educate clergy

In the Age of Exploration, what were the 3 motives for exploration?

1. economic: increase trade/ wealth
2. religious: convert indigenous people to Christianity
3.

What are some positive and negative opinions of Christopher Columbus?

- Positive: was committed to expand the world's knowledge on geography by taking voyages
- Negative: he claimed the Native Americans' land, stole their gold, food, cotton, etc, punished them for minor crimes by cutting off their ears or noses

Why were conquistadors successful in the Americas?

- had superior military technology
- had better muskets, canons, and armor
- lack of unity between tribes

What does it mean to export?

to send products/services to another country

What does it mean to import?

to bring in products/services from another country

What was a tariff and its purpose?

tax on imports
- used to restrict imports

What was the Columbian Exchange?

widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, human populations, and ideas between the Old World and the New World

What was the encomienda system supposed to be?

- system of labor where Spanish landowners could use NA as workers
- the Spanish would pay them with protection and education

What was the encomienda system actually like?

- NA were treated like slaves
- disease, starvation, and bad treatment declined NA population

What caused the Atlantic slave trade to begin?

started to fill the need for labor in Spain's American empire

What was triangular trade?

1st leg: brought goods to Africa to be traded for slaves
2nd leg: (Middle Passage) slaves transported to West Indies
3rd leg: raw materials sent to Europe to make manufactured goods

Why did the Netherlands revolt against Philip II?

Philip attempted to enforce strict control

Why did Philip II want to invade England?

to eliminate Protestantism (to return England to Catholicism)

Who won the Battle of Spanish Armada and why was it significant?

England
- marked a shift in power from Spain to England and France

Who were the Huguenots?

French Protestants
- minority of France but later came to dominate the nobility

What was the Edict of Nantes?

- recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France
- gave Huguenots political privileges and right to worship

Why was the Holy Roman Empire was a likely place for war to start?

- it was not united
- they didn't all agree with the same religious beliefs

What was the Treaty of Westphalia?

ended the Thirty Years' War

What did the Treaty of Westphalia decide?

- that each ruler could choose the religion of his territory
- ended the Holy Roman Empire as an effective state

What is absolutism?

a political system in which a ruler holds total power

What was the Divine Right Theory?

belief that a ruler's power/authority comes directly from God

What was a main difference between the Tudor and Stuart dynasty?

Tudor: good relationship with Parliament and monarchy

Stuart: not skilled at dealing with Parliament

What was the Petition of Right?

passed so the King couldn't raise taxes without consent of Parliament or imprison anyone without cause

Who were the Cavaliers?

- supported Charles I
- wealthy nobles

Who were the Roundheads?

- supported Parliament
- common people
- led by Oliver Cromwell

What was the significance of Charles I's death?

he was the first monarch to get killed by his own people

What was the Glorious Revolution?

bloodless overthrow of absolute monarchy in England

What was a limited monarchy?

government where a constitution or legislative body limits monarch's power

Who was Cardinal Mazarin?

Chief minister to Louis XIV

What was Louis XIV's nickname and why did he choose it?

"sun king"
- the sun is the center of solar system
- sun king is the center of the nation

Why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes and what was its effect?

- to create religious unity
- caused 10,000 Hugenots to flee France --\> lost large amount of workforce

Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert?

Finance minister of Louis XIV

What were the economic policies under Jean Baptiste-Colbert?

1. high tariffs on imports (to protect French manufacturers)
2. encouraged overseas colonization
3. built roads/canals to improve communication/transportation

What did the Palace at Versailles symbolize?

absolute power in France

What was the state of France after Louis XIV?

France was left with enemies and many living in poverty

What was the political geography of Prussia and Austria?

they were in the 300 German states that emerged after the Thirty Years War

What was the ultimate goal of Peter the Great?

1. wanted to westernize Russia (by adopting western ideas, technology, and culture)
2. strengthen military
3. expand Russian boarders
4. centralize royal power

What did St. Peterburg symbolize?

Peter's desire to create a modern Russia

What were the positives and negatives of Peter the Great's legacy?

Positives:
- expanded Russian territory
- created mighty army
- ended Russia's isolation

Negatives:
- used fear/terror to enforce his power
- growth of serfdom \= widened gap between Russia and the West

What is a janissary?

a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks

After the Ottomans took control of Constantinople what was its new name?

Istanbul

What was the role of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire?

'holder of power" : the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans

What was the specific religion of the Ottomans?

Sunni Islam

Who was the greatest Ottoman ruler/Grand Turk?

Süleyman I

What was the specific religion of the Safavid Empire?

Shias

What was the title for ruler of Safavid empire?

Shah

Why was the Safavid Empire in conflict with the Ottomans?

Shia faith
- territorial and religious differences

What was the major difference between Akbar and Aurangzeb?

Akbar: hardworking, expanded empire, his conquests created the greatest Indian empire, tolerated every religion

Aurangzeb: controversial, man of high principle, strict, he only allowed Islam as a religion

What was the Mogul's religion?

Islam

What was a major architectural contribution to the Mogul Empire?

Taj Mahal

Who built the Forbidden City?

Yong Le (Ming Dynasty)

What was the impact of European influence on China (during Ming dynasty)?

Portuguese missionaries brought religion and items to China (clocks eyeglasses)

What was Zheng He's impact on the Ming Dynasty?

he voyaged to western oceans to expand China's political influence in the world

Why did the Manchu have a challenge when ruling the Qing dynasty?

they were culturally different than the rest of China

What was Kangxi's impact on the Qing dynasty?

- he welcomed Christian missionaries
- allowed Russian trade
- was a patron of the arts

What was Qianlong's impact on the Qing dynasty?

- expanded empire
- women had important positions in the family
- literature spread
- decorative arts

What was a shogun?

"general" \= powerful military leader in Japan

What is a daimyo?

heads of noble families in Japan who controlled large areas of land and relied on samurai for protection

What are samurai?

Japanese warriors

Which unifier began the reunification process in Japan?

Oda Nobunaga

Which unifier never received the title of shogun, but he succeeded in gaining the support of most of the daimyo of the Japanese islands?

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Which unifier completed the reunification process of centralized power in Japan?

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Which unifier was a daimyo from Edo who became shogun and began the longstanding Edo shogunate?

Tokugawa Ieyasu

What was the geometric model of the universe?

system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth

What was the Heliocentric model of the universe?

system of the universe in which the Earth and planets revolve around the sun

Why was the discovery of the heliocentric model significant?

the previous geocentric model which said that the Earth was in middle of the Universe was flat out wrong and only supported by the Church but not by evidence

What did Andreas Vesalius do?

- dissected human bodies

What was the significance of Andreas Vesalius' contribution?

he accurately described structure of human body and organs

Who discovered the scientific method?

Francis Bacon

What was the scientific method?

systematic approach for collecting and analyzing data

What did Thomas Hobbes believe?

- that people were naturally evil
- favored absolute monarchy for government
- social contract theory: people gave up their natural rights to an absolute leader

What did John Locke believe?

- proposed natural rights (life, liberty, property)
- social contract theory: thought if government was not doing its job, people had the right to rebel

What did Baron de Montesquieu believe?

- limited monarchy (separation of powers/checks and balances)

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?

- people are naturally good but are corrupted by society
- direct democracy (the good of the community should be in charge)