Psych 255 unit 7

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25 Terms

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Neurological

Organic brain/nervous system disorders
E.g., Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury, Alzheimer's

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Psychological/Psychiatric

Disorders of mood, thought, and behaviour
E.g., schizophrenia, depression, anxiety

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Causes of Abnormal Behaviour

the causes of neurological disorders are largely known, whereas the causes of psychiatric disorders are less understood.

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Brain & behaviour abnormalities result from:

- Genetic errors
- Epigenetic mechanisms (incl. those associated with stress)- Rapid cell death
- Progressive cell death
- Loss of neural connections and functions

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The Neurobiology of Abnormal Behaviour

- The complexity of the nervous system makes finding the neural basis of abnormal behaviour extremely difficult
- Abnormal behaviour is not always obviously related to brain damage, and brain damage does not always produce obvious abnormal behaviours

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Epidemiology

The study of the distribution and causes of diseases in human populations

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A role for Neuroimaging?

- Brain imaging techniques are currently not used to diagnose psychiatric disorders
- In the future, it may be possible to combine behavioural diagnoses and neuroimaging to make diagnoses more objective

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Neurological Disorders

- causes largely known
- treatment fairly primitive

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Psychiatric disorders

- causes largely unknown and complex
- various treatments that are relatively effective exist

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Four main types of treatments

-Neurosurgical
-Pharmacological
-Electrophysiological
-Behavioural

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Neurosurgical Treatments (Brain Surgery)

• Very invasive
• Goal is to treat dysfunction by:
- Removing abnormal tissue
- Repairing abnormality
- Damaging dysfunctional area
- Implanting stem cells or electrode

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Using electrical stimulation as a treatment for severe depression

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

magnetic stimulation (alternative to ECT for treating depression)

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Common drugs for neurological/behavioural disorders:

- Neuroleptics - schizophrenia
- Anxiolytics - anxiety
- SSRIs - depression
- L-dopa - Parkinson's disease

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Behaviour Modification

- Change maladaptive behaviours

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Cognitive Therapy

- Change maladaptive thoughts

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Neuropsychological Therapy

- Retraining cognitive and behavioural processes lost after injury

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Psychotherapy

- Talking about emotional problems gives insight into cause, and helps overcome

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Focal Damage

• At coup or contrecoup
• Frontal & temporal especially
• Impairment of specific functions
- Personality
- Social functions

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Widespread Damage

• Minute lesions throughout brain
• Loss of complex cognitive functions:
- reduced mental speed
- Poor concentration
- Memory difficulties

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Schizophrenia

Diagnostic Symptoms:
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
- Disorganized behaviour or Catatonic behaviour
- Negative symptoms (e.g., blunted affect)

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Schizophrenia- neural correlates

• Thin frontal & medial temporal cortices
• Abnormal dendritic fields in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex
• Abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate, and GABA systems (and serotonin)

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Mood Disorders

• Depression
• Bipolar disorder
- Mania and depression

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Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Specific Phobias

Imaging studies show increased activity in:
- Cingulate cortex & parahippocampal gyrus at rest
- Amygdala & prefrontal cortex when anxiety provoked

• Benzodiazepines & SSRIs
• Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

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Depression

• Imaging studies show increased activity in:
- orbitofrontal cortex
- Anterior cingulate cortex
- Amygdala

• Antidepressants
- SSRIs (mainly)
• Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
• Electrophysiological