Lab Practical 2

Phyla Arthropoda

Jointed foot

• segmented

• chitinous exoskeleton

• molting (ecdysis)

• jointed. paired appendages

• compound and simple eyes

Arthropoda segmentation

• head, thorax, and abdomen

• cephalothorax and abdomen

• brain with a body segment ganglion connected by a ventral nerve cord

Arthropods have a _____ circulatory system

open

Arthropods respiratory system

• gills (myriapod)

• book gills (class crustacea)

• book lungs (class chelicerates and insecta)

Arthropod gastrointestinal tract

• foregut: pharynx, esophagus, and crop

• midgut: ceca and midgut

• hindgut: intestine, rectum, and anus

• GI tract: lined with peritrophic membrane (localize digestive enzymes)

Arthropods waste product processing

Aquatic arthropods- nephridia

Terrestrial arthropods- Malpighian tubules

Phylum Arthropods Class Chelicerates

• Merostoma (horseshoe crabs)

  • carapace: covers cephalothorax and book gills

• Arachnida (scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders)

  • fangs and book lungs

Limulus polyphemus

copper containing blood blood contains Limulus amoebocyte lysate

• blinds bacterial endotoxin

  • used to detect infections

Phyla Arthropoda Class Crustacea

• Cephalothorax and abdomen

• Biramous appendages

• Box like heart

  • pericardial sac

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach

  • gastric mill

  • intestine

• Digestive gland

  • functions as liver pancreas

• Homologous body structures

Phyla Arthropod Class Myriapoda

• Chilopods

  • centipedes

  • 1 pair of legs per body segment

• Diplopoda

  • millipedes

  • 2 pair of legs per body segment

Phyla Arthropoda Class Hexapod (Insects)

• antennae

• compound and simple eyes (ocelli)

• thorax (pro-, meso-, meta-)

• Abdomen

Insect metamorphosis

• Complete metamorphosis

  • egg

  • larvae

  • pupa

  • adult

• Incomplete metamorphosis

  • nymph stages

  • adult form

Phylum Echinoderm

• ossicles (calcareous plates) embedded in skin

• radial symmetry in adults

• water vascular system with tube feet

Phylum Echinoderm Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

• mouth on oral surface and anus on aboral surface

• dermal gills and pedicellaria (dermal pincers)

• madreporite (sieve cover) for water vascular system

Phylum Echinoderm Class Ophiuroidea

brittle stars

Phylum Echinoderm Class Crinoidea

sea lillies and feather stars

Phylum Echinoderm Class Echinoid

sea urchin and sand dollars

Phylum Echinoderm Class Holothuoridea

sea cucumbers (tentacles)

Phylum Chordata Class Urochordata

tunicate and sea squirts

• notochord is lost in adult

Phylum Chordata Class Cephalochordata

• lancelets (amphioxis)

• use notochord to bury in sand and filter feed

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrates

ex: fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds

• jointed, dorsal vertebral column that replaces the notochord

• interior organs suspended in a coleo

Subphylum Vertebrate Class Agnatha

• jawless fish: lampreys and hagfish (parasites)

Subphylum Vertebra Class Chondricthyes

ex: shark, skates, rays

• cartilaginous fish

• jaws arise from pharyngeal arches

Subphylum vertebrates Class Osteichthyes

• bony fish

• calcium skeleton

First vertebrates to colonize land

lobe finned fish--→ amphibians

Subphylum Vertebra Class Amphibia

ex: frogs, toads, salamanders, caelians

• tetrapods

• confined to moist environments

Subphylum Vertebrates Class Reptilia

ex: crocodiles, alligators, turtles, snaked, and lizards

• fully colonize land

• amniote egg

Subphylum Vertebra Class Aves

• descendants of reptiles

• warm-blooded

Subphylum vertebrates Class mammilla

• uterus

• sweat glands/mammary glands

4 traditional tissue types

• epithelial

• connective

  • including blood

• muscular

• neural

Epithelial tissue

• cellular sheet that covers or lines structures

  • protection

  • selective barrier

  • impermeable barrier

  • secretion

  • sensory surface

• basement membrane: protein layer that epithelial cells sit on

Epithelial tissue is classified by

numbers of layers and cellular shape

• Layers

  • Simple= one layer

  • Stratified= multiple layers

  • Pseudostratified= appears multiple

• Shape

  • Squamous= flat/fried egg (nucleus=yolk)

  • Cuboidal= square

  • Columnar= tall columns/rectangle

Connective Tissue

Supportive tissue with a characterizing extracellular matrix

• store energy (adipose)

• connect structures (tendon/ligaments)

• Support (dermis of skin, bone)

• Protection (immunity)

• Transportation (blood)

Connective tissue classification

• Loose (scattered amorphous ground substance with fibers that are loosely connected)

  • collagen

  • elastin

  • reticulin

• Dense (tightly packed collagen fibers)

Both consist of cells called fibroblasts

Specialized connective tissue

• blood

• cartilage

• bone

Blood

extracellular matrix is a fluid called plasma

• platelets: cell fragments used in clotting

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

• filled with hemoglobin→ O2 and CO2

• no nuclei

Monocytes

in blood= macrophages in tissue

Granulocytes

contain protein granules

• fight bacteria infectins

  • Neutrophils (neutral staining, most numerous)

  • Eosinophil (acid staining, kills nematodes)

  • Basophils (basic staining, turn into mast cells involved in inflammation)

Lymphocytes

• make antibody

• help macrophages

• kill specific target cells

Connective tissue cartilage and bone

have cells that live in hollow fluid-filled spaces called a lacunae

• chondrocyte→ cartilage

• osteocyte→ bone

Osteon

columnar unit of bone

• haversian canal: blood vessel filled chamber; gas exchange with osteocytes

• lacunae: chambers containing little osteocytes

• canaliculi: connect the lacunae

Muscle

contractile tissue

• sarcomeres: the contractile units of the muscle

  • overlapping thin filaments (actin) and thick filament (myosin)

• Striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac)

  • row of sarcomeres

• Smooth muscle

  • does not have sarcomeres, therefore, is not striated

Neural tissue

Neurons are compromised of

• Dendrites

  • receive stimuli and are extensions of the cell body

• Axon

  • transmits action potentials

• Terminus

  • releases neurotransmitters

• Schwann Cells

  • glial cells that wrap around the axon making action potentials travel faster (skip)

Bone histology

• made of calcified collagen

• organized as osteon

  • made of connective rings of lamellae

  • surrounds Haversian canal

  • Specialized cells (osteocytes) within lacunae maintain vone

  • Canaliculi connect the Haversian canal and lacunae

Joints

connections between bones

• Immovable joints

  • space between bones filled with fibrous connective tissue

    • ex. skull and hip

• Moveable joints

  • have articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

  • have synovial membrane liuning that secretes a watery fluid for lubrication

Types of moveable joints

• Ball and socket

  • allows full rotation

    • hip and shoulder joints

• Hinge

  • allows for rotation around an axis

    • elbow and knee joints

• Gliding

  • allows movement defined by a plane

    • vertebral joints and thumb joint

• Combination

  • hinge and gliding

    • jaw

Axial skeleton

• the bones that make the head and trunk

  • skull, vertebral column, ribs

Appendicular skeleton

• the bones that support the appendages

  • shoulders, arms, forearm, wrists, hands, pelvic girdle, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet

Shoulders

• clavicle

• scapula

Arms

• humerus

• radius

• ulna

Hands

• metacarpals

• phalanges

Pelvis

pelvic girdle

Thigh

femur

Leg

• Tibia

• Fibula

Ankle

tarsals

Foot

• metatarsals

• phalanges

Vertebral column (top to bottom)

• Cervical (7)

• Thoracic (12)

• Lumbar (5)

• Sacral (5)

• Coccyx (4)

Cranium Bones

• frontal bone

• parietal bone

• temporal bone

• sphenoid bone

• occipital bone

• ethoid bone

Facial bones

• nasal bone

• vomer

• maxilla

• zygomatic bone

• mandible

Shoulder girdle

• clavicle

• scapula

• humerus

Wrist

carpals

Forearm

• radius

• ulna

Hip (pelvic girdle)

• ilium (hips)

• ischium (butt)

• pubic (pubic area)

Hind limb

• thigh

• leg

• foot

Knee

patella