Functional Groups

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Last updated 12:58 AM on 8/4/26
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24 Terms

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3 Characteristics of Hydrocarbons

  • very non-polar

  • very weak acids

  • only LDF (low bp)

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What groups are hydrocarbons?

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic/benzene rings

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What do Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Thiols, and Alkyl Halides all have in common?

each has a carbon attached to a more electronegative atom

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Alcohols

R-OH

  • carbon bonded to a hydroxyl group

  • alcohols are weak acids

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Ethers

R-O-R

  • oxygen bonded to two carbons

  • lower bp than alcohols but higher than hydrocarbons

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Amines

R-NH2, R-NHR, R-NR2

  • carbon bonded to NH2 NHR or NR2

  • lone pair on N acts as a base

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Thiols

R-SH

  • carbon bonded to SH

  • weak acid but stronger than alcohols

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Alkyl Halides

R-X

  • alkyl group bonded to a group 17 halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I)

  • important in substitution and elimination reactions

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What do Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters all have in common?

they all contain a carbonyl group C=O

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Aldehydes

  • carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen

  • polar but NOT hydrogen bond donors

<p></p><ul><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen</p></li><li><p>polar but NOT hydrogen bond donors</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Ketones

  • carbonyl group bonded to 2 carbons

  • ex: acetone

<ul><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to 2 carbons</p></li><li><p>ex: acetone</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Carboxylic Acids

  • carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group

  • higher bp because it can hydrogen bond

  • weak acid

<p></p><ul><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group</p></li><li><p>higher bp because it can hydrogen bond</p></li><li><p>weak acid </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Esters

  • carbonyl group bonded to an O-C bond

  • polar but can’t hydrogen bond

<ul><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to an O-C bond</p></li><li><p>polar but can’t hydrogen bond</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What do Amides, Acid Halides, Anhydrides, and Nitriles all have in common?

all are derived from carboxylic acids

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Amides

  • carbonyl group bonded to an amino group

  • linkage of amino acids through amide formation are called peptides

<ul><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to an amino group</p></li><li><p>linkage of amino acids through amide formation are called peptides</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Acid Halides

  • carbonyl group bonded to a halide (F-, Cl-, Br-, I- )

<ul><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to a halide (F<sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, Br<sup>-</sup>, I<sup>-</sup> )</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anhydrides

  • oxygen bonded to 2 carbonyl groups

<ul><li><p>oxygen bonded to 2 carbonyl groups</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Nitriles</p>

Nitriles

  • carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen

  • contains cyanide ion -CN

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Epoxides

  • oxygen bonded to two adjacent carbons

  • technically ethers but these participate in more reactions than ethers generally do

<ul><li><p>oxygen bonded to two adjacent carbons </p></li><li><p>technically ethers but these participate in more reactions than ethers generally do </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thioethers

R-S-R

  • sulfer bonded to two carbonds

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Nitro

  • nitrogen bonded to a carbon and 2 oxygens

  • one of the oxygens is a double bond with nitrogen, the other is a single bond with nitrogen

  • are strongly electron withdrawing

<ul><li><p>nitrogen bonded to a carbon and 2 oxygens</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>one of the oxygens is a double bond with nitrogen, the other is a single bond with nitrogen</p></li><li><p>are strongly electron withdrawing</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Imine

  • the nitrogen containing equivalent of aldehydes or ketones

  • C=N bonded to 3 other carbon or hydrogen atoms

<ul><li><p>the nitrogen containing equivalent of aldehydes or ketones </p></li></ul><ul><li><p>C=N bonded to 3 other carbon or hydrogen atoms </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Azide

  • 3 nitrogens in a linear arrangement

  • -N3 formula

<ul><li><p>3 nitrogens in a linear arrangement </p></li><li><p>-N3 formula </p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Peroxide </p>

Peroxide

R-O-O-R

  • weak acid

  • highly reactive